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In Maine, the earlier drafts of voluntary guidelines provided specific numeric targets, but the final version is more general (Benjamin 2010). Although background materials refer to specific targets recommended in an important multi-stakeholder report on biodiversity in Maine, targets were not incorporated in the final draft. The final guidelines call for leaving “some wildlife trees” without incorporating the numbers of trees per acre suggested in the report. Also, these guidelines call for leaving “as much fine woody material as possible” without specific requirements for top retention found in other states. Similarly, the Forest Stewardship Council’s standards for the U.S. require the maintenance of habitat structure and well-distributed DWM, but are not specific about the amount that should be left on site. How do other guidelines address the concern over the deple- tion of soil nutrients? As noted above, some biomass harvest guidelines call for sufficient material to be retained to protect ecological functions such as soil nutrient cycles but offer no targets. A number of guideline docu- ments, however, do offer targets in this category. The following is a sampling of the various ways retention of DWM has been approached. • Alabama:Enoughloggingslashshouldbeleftandscattered across the area to maintain site productivity. • Maine:Wherepossibleandpracticalretainandscattertops and branches across the harvest area. • Michigan:retentionof17%to33%oftheresiduelessthan four inches in diameter. • Minnesota:topsandlimbsfrom20%oftreesharvested. • Missouri:33%ofharvestresidue. • NewHampshire:“Usebole-onlyharvesting(leavingbranches and limbs in the woods) on low-fertility soils, or where fertility is unknown.” • Pennsylvania:15to30%of“harvestablebiomass.” • Wisconsin:topsandlimbsfrom10%ofthetreesinthe general harvest area with a goal of at least 5 tons of FWM per acre. • Sweden:20%ofallslashmustbeleftonsite. • Finland:30%ofresiduesshouldremainandbedistributed evenly over the site. How do other guidelines address the concern over retention of forest structure and wildlife habitat? The literature confirms that forest structure is important for wildlife habitat. Existing BMPs and new biomass harvesting guidelines use both general and specific approaches to address this issue. The following samples provide a snapshot of the range of approaches. • Maine: leave some wildlife trees; retain live cavity trees on site; vary the amount of snags, down logs and wildlife trees; and leave as much FWM as possible. • NewHampshire:Underuneven-agedmanagement,retaina minimum of 6 secure cavity and/or cavity trees per acre with one exceeding 18 inches diameter at breast height (DBH) and 3 exceeding 12 inches DBH. • California:retainallsnagsexceptwherespecificsafety,fire hazard, or disease conditions require they be felled. • Minnesota:onnon-clearcutsites,leaveaminimumof6 cavity trees, potential cavity trees, and/or snags per acre. Create at least 2-5 bark-on down logs greater than 12 inches in diameter per acre. 4.3.3 ADEQUACYOFMASSACHUSETTSBMPSFOR INCREASED BIOMASS HARVESTS The situation in Massachusetts is very similar to that in other states: current regulations and guidelines were developed for protection of water quality and did not anticipate the intensifi- cation of biomass harvesting. In Massachusetts, current regula- tions require a cutting plan that describes the harvest and the approaches to mitigate water-quality problems such as erosion and sedimentation. Current regulations and BMPs, however, do not direct silvicul- tural or harvesting activities to sustain all the ecological values that might be negatively affected by increased biomass harvesting. There are no retention rules or guidelines that would prevent the harvest of every cull tree or den tree on a property, a situation that could take place with or without an expanded biomass market. Similarly, there are no harvesting guidelines that would prevent the scouring of DWM. Our literature review reveals these activities have the potential to degrade wildlife habitat, biodiversity, and soil nutrient levels. In addition, the current cutting plan process does not require sound silvicultural practice and the ecological safeguards that these proven practices offer in comparison to undisciplined harvesting. Finally, the introduction of larger, heavier whole-tree harvesting equipment presents new challenges and opportunities. Larger equipment can damage forest soils through soil compaction and increase residual stem damage because of their size. However, in some cases, new forest equipment can reduce soil impacts because they can provide less pressure per inch and reduce stand damage because of their longer harvesting reach. In practice, some of these impacts are and will be mitigated through good decisions by landowners, foresters and loggers, and the influence of supervising foresters through the cutting plan process. In most situations, however, there are no regulatory or voluntary guidelines in place that compel compliance. The assessment of guidelines in other states and countries reveals a number of additional approaches that can be tailored to state forest types and conditions to prevent ecological damage from biomass harvesting. We recommend that a similar set of guide- lines be developed in Massachusetts and integrated into the cutting plan process. The newly developed Forest Guild Biomass Retention and Harvesting Guidelines for the Northeast utilize the best thinking and approaches from other states to develop a set of guidelines for northeastern forest types. 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