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Several forms of energy are used in this cycle ranging from fossils such as coal, oil and natural gas to nuclear, solar thermal and geothermal energies. In this paper we present a preliminary concept for use of low temperature solar energy in a Rankine cycle to generate electrical energy. The motivation for generating electricity from low temperature heat comes from the fact that a lot of what is currently classified as waste heat including the heat exhausted from the numerous high temperature power plants ( out in Figure 1) could be harnessed thus improving conversion and operating efficiencies of plants. Also other sources of low temperature heat such as solar, geothermal and ocean thermal energy could become viable generators of electricity. 2. OBJECTIVES Outlines the main objectives of the current research: 2.1 To evaluate the suitability of various thermal- mechanical conversion cycles for low temperature solar thermal energy conversion applications. 2.2 To develop and optimize a hypothetical computer model of a solar thermal energy conversion adapted Rankine cycle based on thermodynamic, fluid mechanics and heat transfer principles. 2.3 To investigate the thermo-mechanical efficiency and overall economic and environmental performance of a low temperature solar thermal energy conversion system based on the adapted Rankine cycle. 2.4 To investigate the performance of various working fluids including their blends in an adapted Rankine cycle. 2.5 To review the design and performance of the major cycle components of a low temperature solar thermal energy conversion plant and carry out an optimization of their energy efficiencies, economic and environmental performances. 2.6 To design, construct and install a concept plant of a solar thermal energy conversion adapted Rankine cycle. 2.7 To propose a final working design suitable for a small scale power generating plant based on the findings of the project. 3. METHODOLOGY Field and Laboratory Validations will be conducted on Experimental Models based on a final concept design. Supplementary Validation based on physical simulations and laboratory testing will also be designed and effected at various stages of the experimental research. Different data will be measured at different points of the cycles (Figure 6). Temperature, pressure and fluid flow rates will be measured at: - Inlet and Outlet to solar collector - Inlet and Outlet to heat exchanger on flow lines - Inlet and outlet to turbine - Inlet and outlet to condenser Ambient temperature, direct and global solar insolation will also be measured at the site of the solar collectors. Also to be measured will be the energy output of the turbine i.e. the power output at the generator end. Several measuring equipment will be required for this purpose and it will include: Digital Data Loggers, Storage Modules, Thermocouples, Fluid Flow Meters, Pressure Meters and Energy Meters, Pyranometer and Pyrheliometer. 4. LOW TEMPERATURE POWER CYCLES Research is currently on-going to develop low temperature thermal conversion technologies; examples include the patented Kalina cycle and the Organic Rankine cycle. Use of low temperature thermal for power generation requires that modifications are done to the conventional energy conversion cycles to enable operation at low temperatures. In order for the Rankine cycle to be effectively incorporated into a low temperature thermal energy conversion system, the working fluid usually water must be substituted with another working fluid that has a lower boiling point so that it is able to vapourise to a dry (saturated-) vapour at low temperatures. Some liquids have a dry property and as such do not need to be ‘dry saturated’. Generally the desirable properties for a working fluid include low cost, non corrosiveness, thermal stability, and high cycle and turbine efficiencies. Possible liquids that could be used in the place of water include organic liquids, refrigerants, ammonia, toluene and fully fluorinated benzene ring fluids, or any feasible mixture of these [3]. Pentene isomers are organic fluids with boiling points ranging from 9oC to 36oC; Ammonia is an inorganic compound with a boiling point of -33oC. Alternatively some dry fluids with boiling temperatures above that of water such as Toluene (a paint thinner) with a boiling point of 106oC, could be used and this may have some thermodynamic benefits. 4.1 ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE The term organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is used to refer to a Rankine cycle in which an organic fluid replaces water as the working fluid. Such a cycle enables us to utilize lower temperature heat sources. The efficiency is lower due to the low temperature range the cycle operates in butPDF Image | LOW TEMPERATURE SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY
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