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LOW TEMPERATURE SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION ABSTRACT Solar thermal energy conversion for power generation for both low and high temperature systems is an active area of research aimed mainly at addressing environmental and climate change concerns but also as a possible complimentary avenue of tackling the current power supply deficits in Southern Africa. A number of high temperature thermal power generation concept power plants have been installed worldwide. Low temperature thermal energy conversion research, however, is still at an infancy stage but quickly gaining momentum. This is partly due to its immense potential for utilizing waste heat and thus raising plant efficiency as well as its viability for remote and small scale operations. Low temperature solar thermal typically uses flat plate solar collectors; flat plate collectors are relatively cheaper and easier to operate; its use is currently mainly limited to water heating and space heating. Use of low temperature thermal for power generation requires modifications to the conventional energy conversion cycles to enable conversion at lower temperatures. Several thermal-mechanical conversion cycles have been developed e.g. Diesel, Otto, Rankine, Brayton, Kalina. However, majority of these have been developed for high temperature systems. Research is currently on-going to develop low temperature thermal conversion technologies; examples would be the patented Kalina and the Organic Rankine cycles. This project will focus on the Rankine cycle. The Rankine cycle will be modified to suit low temperature operation. One aspect will be to switch to a working fluid that attains phase change at low temperatures. Keywords: Solar thermal, energy conversion, low temperature, waste heat, Rankine cycle, phase change. 1. INTRODUCTION Low temperature thermal energy conversion refers to the use of low temperature heat to generate mainly electrical energy. Most thermal-energy based electrical generating systems use high temperature heat energy to generate steam that is in turn used to drive a turbine. About 80% of electrical energy used in the world is produced from high temperature heat using a thermodynamic cycle known as the Rankine cycle. In a Rankine cycle heat is applied externally to a closed cycle; water is normally used as the working fluid. A schematic representation of the Rankine cycle is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: Rankine Cycle schematic representation [1] SM Situmbeko1 and FL Inambao2 1University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana 2University of Kwazulu Natal, Durban, South Africa External heat in is applied to the boiler where it heats up a working fluid, that has been pumped from low pressure to high pressure, pump, to produce a dry saturated vapour. The dry saturated vapour at high temperature and high pressure is directed onto turbine blades where it expands thus generating mechanical power, turbine, losing thermal energy, both temperature and pressure drop, in the process. The wet vapour then enters a condenser where it is cooled further by losing heat, , out to become a saturated liquid which is then pumped again to raise its pressure and hence completing the cycle. Figure 2 is a TS (Temperature-Entropy) diagram of a Rankine cycle operating between 0.06bar and 50bar. Figure 2: Ts diagram of a typical Rankine cycle [2]PDF Image | LOW TEMPERATURE SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY
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