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the cost of collecting the heat energy is also significantly lower. 4.2 LOW TEMPERATURE SOLAR THERMAL Low temperature solar thermal uses low temperature solar heat; in particular it uses flat plate solar collectors; flat plate collectors are relatively cheaper and easier to operate. Figure 3 shows the different ranges of solar thermal from low to high temperature. The low temperature range normally covers temperatures below 300oC, medium temperatures 300oC to 600oC, while high temperatures are those above 600oC. With the Central Tower technology, temperatures more than 1000°C can be easily sustained. the backside of the absorber plate for the same purpose. Operating temperatures up to 125oC are typical. Flat plate collectors have the advantage of absorbing not only the energy coming directly from the disc of the sun (beam normal insolation) but also the solar energy that has been diffused into the sky and that is reflected from the ground. Flat plate thermal collectors are seldom tracked to follow the sun's daily path across the sky, however, their fixed mounting usually provides a tilt toward the north (or south if in the northern hemisphere) to minimize the angle between the sun's rays and the surface at noontime. Tilting flat-plate collectors toward the north provides a higher rate of energy at noontime and more total energy over the entire day. Figure 4 shows an installation of flat-plate thermal collectors. Figure 4: Flat-plate thermal solar collectors for providing hot water. (photo courtesy of DOE/NREL, Warren Gretz) When higher temperatures are required, concentrating solar collectors are used. Solar energy falling on a large reflective surface is reflected onto a smaller area before it is converted into heat. This is done so that the surface absorbing the concentrated energy is smaller than the surface capturing the energy and therefore can attain higher temperatures before heat loss due to radiation and convection wastes the energy that has been collected. Most concentrating collectors can only concentrate the parallel insolation coming directly from the sun's disk (beam normal insolation), and must follow (track) the sun's path across the sky. Four types of solar concentrators are in common use; parabolic troughs, parabolic dishes, central receivers and Fresnel lenses. Figure 5 shows the first three of these concepts schematically. Figure 3: Concentrated Solar Heat Applications [3] 4.3 SOLAR COLLECTORS Solar collectors form the key component of any solar energy technology. The solar collector functions to intercept incoming solar radiation and convert it into a useable form of energy that can be applied to meet a specific demand. Solar collectors are broadly classified as concentrating or non-concentrating. Non-concentrating collectors maybe treated as collectors with a concentration ratio Ain/Aabs = 1. Concentration ratio is defined as the ratio Ain/Aabs, where Ain is the area of the incident solar radiation and Aabs is the area of the absorber. High concentration ratios are obtained by making Ain large than Aabs. Flat-plate thermal solar collectors are the most commonly used type of solar collector. Their construction and operation are simple. A large plate of blackened material is oriented in such a manner that the solar energy that falls on the plate is absorbed and converted to thermal energy thereby heating the plate. Tubes or ducting are provided to remove heat from the plate, transferring it to a liquid or gas, and carrying it away to the load. One (or more) transparent (glass or plastic) plates are often placed in front of the absorber plate to reduce heat loss to the atmosphere. Likewise, opaque insulation is placed aroundPDF Image | LOW TEMPERATURE SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY
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