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4.1.1 WIND TURBINE COSTS The wind turbine is the largest single cost component of the total installed cost of a wind farm. Between 2000 and 2002 turbine prices for onshore wind farms averaged USD 700/kW, but this had risen to USD 1 500/kW in the United States and USD 1 800/kW in Europe in 2009. This increase was due to rising costs for materials (e.g. steel and cement) and civil engineering, high profit margins for wind turbine manufacturers, and larger turbines that cost more (notably for towers and foundations) but achieve higher capacity factors. Since the peak prices of around USD 1 800/kW in Europe and USD 1 500/kW in the United States (Wiser and Bollinger, 2012) for contracts with a 2008/2009 delivery, wind turbine prices have started to fall. Preliminary data for 2012 projects suggest quotes between USD 900 and USD 1 270/kW in the United States, which would represent a decline of around a quarter, compared to peak prices. This is in line with the BNEF Wind Turbine Price Index (WTPI), which indicates average turbine prices outside Asia of around USD 1 200/kW for 2012 (BNEF, 2012) (Figure 4.2). 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 United States <5 MW United States 5-100 MW United States >100 MW BNEF WTPI Chinese turbine prices FIGURE 4.2: WIND TURBINE PRICES IN THE UNITED STATES AND CHINA COMPARED TO THE BNEF WIND TURBINE PRICE INDEX, 1997-2012 Note: BNEF WTPI is the half-year average for non-Asian markets, while the United States data is for the specific month of a particular project, and the Chinese data are annual averages. SOURCE: IEA WIND, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011A, AND 2012; WISER AND BOLLINGER, 2012; AND BNEF, 2012. These cost reductions are occurring at the same time as the yield of a given turbine is being improved by increased average hub heights and rotor diameters. In addition, a more buyerâfriendly market has meant that better terms and conditions are being offered by manufacturers, including longer initial O&M contracts, improved warranty terms, better performance guarantees and shorter lead times for delivery (Wiser and Bollinger, 2012). The increased competition in the wind turbine market is partly due to the rise of Chinese and other emerging market manufacturers. Chinese manufacturers have increased capacity significantly above domestic Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2012: An Overview 31 2011 USD/kW Feb-97 Feb-98 Feb-99 Feb-00 Feb-01 Feb-02 Feb-03 Feb-04 Feb-05 Feb-06 Feb-07 Feb-08 Feb-09 Feb-10 Feb-11 Feb-12PDF Image | International Renewable Energy Agency
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