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30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 Uncl 5000 0 14.3.2 DirectUse To summarize geothermal direct use in Japan, special attention should be given to its huge number of hot springs for bath use. As often discussed, the energy saved by the hot springs for bath use in Japan is difficult to estimate because of the huge numbers of hot springs, but these hot springs are economically more important than any other geothermal resources for direct use in Japan (Figure 14.9). Geothermal resources for direct use are classified here into three categories: hot water for thermal uses excluding bath use, geo-heat use including geo-heat pumps, and hot springs for bath use. Estimating the energy contribution by hot spring bath use is a long-pending project in Japan. Lund, et al. (2005) stated ―...who do not keep accurate records of temperatures and flow rates of more than 25,000 hot spring sources in Japan‖. This is true; however, we started to try to estimate the energy contribution by hot springs for bath use as described on the 2006 Japan Country Report (GIA, 2009). We here introduce this category from the latest paper (Sugino and Akeno, 2010). 14.3.2.1 Installed Thermal Power Installed thermal power is described here for the three categories described above. The New Energy Foundation (NEF) in Japan periodically conducts a questionnaire survey on hot water for thermal uses to individual municipalities in Japan since 1990. The latest survey (the 8th) was carried out in the year 2006 (NEF, 2007). Questionnaires for hot water thermal uses excluding bath uses were sent to 267 municipalities in Japan and answers were returned from 116 of them. The number of facilities for the various hot water uses in Japan as of March 2006 was 697 (NEF, 2007). The facilities are generally dominant in northern and colder areas, but are also known in southern Kyushu. Installed capacity of hot water uses in Japan as of March 2006 is 400.7 MWth (Sugino and Akeno, 2010; Table 13.2). The largest application of hot water utilization is for road snow melting and it is followed by house heating and welfare facilities heating. Dawn of statistics ass ified 4 25 ̊C =< T<2 Steam and gas ̊ = T < 42 ̊C 5 ̊C U nclas sified 2CPDF Image | Geothermal Research and Tech IEA
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