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A questionnaire survey for geo-heat uses including geo-heat pumps was also conducted by NEF in 2006. The number of geo-heat use facilities in Japan as of March 2006 was 638, of which geo- heat pumps in a narrow sense are restricted into 116 and the others are more primitive types using soil air circulation. They are mostly used for house heating, followed by snow melting. Installed capacity of geo-heat uses in Japan, as of March 2006, is 13.4 MWth (Sugino and Akeno, 2010; Table 13.2). Estimating the energy contribution from hot spring bath use is a long-pending project in Japan. First of all, it should be noted that the Japanese commonly prefer thermal water at a temperature 42 oC for bathing. In fact, the Japanese are heating water up to the temperature 42 oC in most of their home baths using fuels or electricity. Therefore, this provides a baseline for saving energy by hot spring bath uses in Japan. A method to estimate the fuel alternative energy by hot spring bath use was described by Ehara et al. (2008). To conservatively estimate, hot spring sources less than 42 oC are neglected here, counting only those higher than 42 oC, because some of hot springs less than 42 oC save a small amount of fuel energy but others rather consume fuel energy for heating to 42 oC, almost compensating each other. Then, fuel alternative energy by hot spring bath use can be estimated as the thermal energy between the mean ground surface temperature in Japan 15 °C and the bath use temperature 42 oC on all the hot springs that are higher than 42 oC. Excess thermal energy higher than 42 oC is not effectively utilized in the way of bath use so that this should not be counted for the fuel alternative energy. Based on this method and 24,807 hot spring data, the Sustainable-Zone Research Group recently estimated the fuel alternative energy by hot spring bath use to be 1,685.5 MWth (Sugino and Akeno, 2010; Table 14.2). 14.3.2.2 Thermal Energy Used As of March 2006, the total hot water thermal energy used for thermal use, excluding bath use, was 4,900.4 TJ/yr (Sugino and Akeno, 2010; Table 14.2). Hot water supply is the largest type of hot water utilization, and its capacity factor is relatively high because it is for all-seasonal uses. The ―weighted‖ average capacity factor for hot water use is 0.39. The total thermal energy used for geo-heat applications in Japan, as of March 2006, was 67.9 TJ/yr (Sugino and Akeno, 2010; Table 14.2). The average capacity factor for geo-heat uses is 0.16. For hot spring bath use, even if bath tubs are always filled with hot water, its utilization (capacity) factor depends on visitors‘ soaking hours and is not known. According to the data from fiscal year 2005, the number of hot spring accommodations is 15,024, the accommodation guest capacity is 1,413,088, and the annual guest accommodation is 136,613,954 man-days. This means that the mean guest capacity of a hotel is 94.1 persons and an average hotel has 24.9 guests every day through the year. Even if there is some seasonal bias and popularity bias from one hotel to another, its utilization (capacity) factor is expected to be very high. However, to conservatively estimate, the annual day utilization factor related to the seasonal and popularity biases is assumed to be 0.75. In addition, most of bath tubs are cleaned every day so that the hourly utilization factor is assumed to be 0.52. Then, 0.75 multiplied by 0.52 makes 0.39, a very conservative assumption for the utilization (capacity) factor. We obtain an annual fuel alternative energy for hot spring bath of 20,729.7 TJ/yr (Sugino and Akeno, 2010; Table 14.2). The utilization (capacity) factor is here assumed to be 0.39 for a conservative estimate. 157PDF Image | Geothermal Research and Tech IEA
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