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generate electricity. In September 2010, the power plant began routine operation with an electrical output of 1.5 MWe. Since then, it has been feeding electricity into the grid. A sub-project currently being conducted by the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources e.V. (BGR) is working to optimise the circulation between the total of four boreholes. To this end, a continual monitoring programme has been installed. Initial results show that the lower reservoir is hydraulically connected with the upper one and has therefore increased in size. The fact that the amount of fluid to be injected through two boreholes has been divided across the two reservoirs means that the pressure in the reservoirs is also lower and seismic activity has been significantly reduced. In one of the production boreholes, connection to the two reservoirs did, however, have negative effects- the temperature of the pumped fluid dropped slightly to just below 180 °C. That led to a loss of thermal output in the power plant process. A positive result measured is that the relatively constant pressure and flow rates in the overall geothermal system are an indication that there have been no significant chemical changes and therefore little or no scaling in the reservoir. 11.7.2.2 Bruchsal The first geothermal power plant in Baden-Württemberg went into service in Bruchsal. In the LOGRO project, scientists at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), in conjunction with colleagues from Göttingen University, the European Institute for Energy Research (EIFER) and Geothermie Neubrandenburg (GTN), studied the interaction between the power plant and the geothermal reservoir. EnBW Energie Baden-Württemberg AG is also involved in the project. The tectonics are complex- both boreholes were drilled through the same layers of rock but to different depths and at different thicknesses. One of the main aims of the project is to discover how this system of fissures and faults, in conjunction with permanent operation of the plant, influences the hydraulic conditions. Handling the thermal water in the facilities above ground presented a challenge. Under certain pressure and temperature conditions, CO2 losses directly cause large quantities of carbonate scale. It was possible to prevent this by maintaining pressure and injecting brine below the water table. The occurrence of a free gas phase in the heat exchanger was solved by creating a ―gas bridge‖ as a bypass, with the CO2 that was channelled off being subsequently returned to the reservoir along with the cooled brine without loss or gain. These three projects are currently receiving 2.4 million euros in funding. 11.7.2.3 Microorganisms Causing Damage Not only geological, but also biological conditions can affect the operation of a geothermal system. As part of the MiProTherm project, GFZ is developing techniques for quantifying microbiological metabolic processes that can cause or accelerate scaling and corrosion in geothermal systems. Particularly, microorganisms that are involved in converting iron and sulphur compounds can cause problems in the operation of the system. In particular, metal surfaces, filter bags, filter slits in the boreholes and the area around the borehole can be affected. In a predecessor project (AquiScreen), scientists used fluid and solid samples to characterise certain microorganisms in geothermal systems in the North German Basin and the Molasse Basins. They are now seeking to improve understanding of the process to an extent that enables them to recommend action to avoid or reduce malfunctioning caused by microbes. This would extend the service life of underground installations and thus improve the added value of the systems. BMU is supporting MiProTherm with 1.2 million euros. 11.7.2.4 Measuring System in the Drill Head One of the greatest business risks in geothermal energy is development risk and the extraction rate ultimately achieved. In a joint research project on seismic prediction while drilling (SPWD), GFZ, in conjunction with the TU Bergakademie Freiberg, and supported by Herrenknecht Vertical and 123PDF Image | Geothermal Research and Tech IEA
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