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telluride (CdTe) PV modules in water pumping (12). 6. Effect of PV module temperature on pumping performance (13). 7. Performance of a PV powered helical pump (14). 2. DISCUSSION 2.1 Choosing between a wind or solar powered system. To determine whether a wind or solar water pumping system is the best one to use, the first step is to evaluate the wind or solar energy resource at the location. Fig 2 and 3 show the wind and solar resource of United States (U.S.). (www.nrel.gov). The wind resource in U.S. is best in the Great Plains in the middle part of the country and also off shore along the Atlantic and Pacific Coast lines The solar resource is good for a larger portion of U.S. land area than that of the wind resource, and the solar resource is very good to excellent for southwestern part of U.S. Fig. 2. Wind Resource in U.S. Fig. 3. Solar Resource in U.S. One note of caution, when evaluating solar resource for PV water pumping, it is important to make sure the solar map is based on pyranometers measuring global solar irradiance and not normal irradiance pyranometers (NIP) which measure direct normal irradiance (DNI) – DNI is used for evaluating solar hot water heating systems or concentrated solar thermal power plants. For solar resource terminology – see www.bom.gov.au/sat/glossary.shtml The USDA-ARS-CPRL facility is located near Bushland, TX (Latitude = 35.184o North, Longitude = 102.083o West), and since all of the data shown in this paper were gathered at this location, the wind and solar resource of Texas is shown in Fig 4 and 5. While the solar resource is good near Bushland (PV array tilt angle = latitude setting, ~ 5.75 kWh/m2/d), the wind resource is excellent with a class 4 rating (400 to 500 W/m2 at a 50m height). At 50 m (164 ft) ht. 0-200 W/m2 200-300 W/m2 300-400 W/m2 400-500 W/m2 500-600 W/m2 600-800 W/m2 >800 W/m2 Texas Wind Power Classification www.windenergy.org Bushland Assumptions: 1. Sea Level Standard Day 2. Shear exp. = 0.14 3. Rayleigh Wind Distribution Fig. 4. Wind Resource in Texas. Texas Annual Average Solar Resource (Latitude Tilt) kWh/m2/day Source: NREL determined from National Solar Radiation Database Fig. 5. Solar Resource in Texas. Unfortunately the units are different when showing wind resource maps (W/m2) or solar resource maps (kWh/m2/d), but in Fig 6 the wind and solar resource is depicted in the same units for Bushland, TX. All windmills and most wind turbines used for water pumping are on towers 30m or less, BushlandPDF Image | Solar Water Pumping for Home, Livestock Watering or Irrigation
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