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so despite the class 4 winds at Bushland, the solar resource is better than the wind resource during most of the year. The solar resource shown in Fig 6 is better than latitude tilt due to changing the PV array incidence at the equinoxes (25 deg during spring and summer and 45 deg during fall and winter) – see Fig 7 and 8. 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr MayJun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Solar(Fixed) Solar(Tracking) W ind(10m ht) W ind(50m ht) Comparison of Solar and Wind Energy Bushland, TX (1996-1999) Fig. 6. Comparison of Wind and Solar Energy at Bushland, TX. Fig. 7. PV Array tilt angle in fall and winter at Bushland, TX. Fig 9 shows how the daily average solar insolation changes monthly at Bushland for global, latitude tilt, and varying PV array tilt angle twice a year for fixed and passive tracking. For solar resource at other locations in U.S. states and territories see http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/old_data/nsrdb/. Although resource assessment is the first step in determining whether to choose a wind or solar powered pumping system, there are more things to consider like: does the resource match the daily water requirement for each month, what are the maintenance requirements, what is the reliability, and finally what is the life cycle cost (15). A comparison was made between wind-electric and solar- Fig. 8. PV Array tilt angle in spring and summer at Bushland, TX. PV water pumping systems in 1996 (8), but solar water pumping systems have become much more efficient, more reliable, and less costly than shown in that paper, and the fact that small wind turbine manufacturers have concentrated mainly on the grid-tie electricity market has resulted in the choice for stand-alone water pumping systems less than 2 kW being predominantly between using mechanical windmills or solar-PV. As the power requirements get higher though (e.g. multi-acre irrigation), hybrid systems using wind turbines and solar-PV are more likely since wind turbines become more cost effective for larger power requirements compared to solar-PV systems. Affect of PV Array Tilt and Tracking on Solar Energy at Bushland, TX (35.2o N. Latitude, 1996-1999) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec * - During spring/summer set PV Module tilt to 25 deg and during Fall/Winter set PV Module tilt to 45 deg Fig. 9. Measured Daily Solar Radiation at Bushland, TX. 2.2 TypeofPVModulesandFixedVersusTracking Currently there are two types of PV modules that are used for solar-PV water pumping: multi-crystalline and thin film (thin film modules used so far are amorphous-silicon and cadmium-telluride). The advantages of using multi- crystalline modules for water pumping are: 1. Currently 85% of PV modules manufactured in world are multi-crystalline, so less worry on being Global (5.21 kWh/m^2/day) Latitude Tilt (5.78 kWh/m^2/day) Vary Tilt* (6.25 kWh/m^2/day) Tracking (7.14 kWh/m^2/day) Avg. Daily Solar Energy - kWh/m^2 Avg. Daily Energy - kWh/m^2PDF Image | Solar Water Pumping for Home, Livestock Watering or Irrigation
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