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BC Bugwood Envirochem Services Inc. Alternate scenarios may take advantage of existing infrastructure to implement CHP systems. Sawmills can use their existing biomass waste to operate a CHP system that produces both mill power and dry kiln heat. These sawmills may find it attractive to oversize such CHP operations to combust available bugwood while supplying the excess power to the grid. However, similar attempts have proven difficult in BC as many sawmills prefer to shut down for extended periods of time whenever market conditions for their products are insufficient. Such shutdowns would mean that the economics of the CHP plant are negatively affected. CHP systems are noted in the financial comparisons to be very attractive in off-grid applications. They are very sensitive to harvesting costs if applied to on-grid power production. For on-grid applications the CHP application must include a suitable heat user or more favoured power sell value as well as contained harvesting costs to generate a satisfactory ROI. Note that the cost for district heat distribution systems is not fully included in the cost calculations and can be significant. Ethanol: BC-based Lignol Innovations is developing a promising process that can extract ethanol from softwood using a fermentation process (Organosolv). This process could break even at a gasoline rack price of about $0.50 per litre, as it is seen today (assuming an ethanol value of $0.45/l). However, the fairly good economic return from this process (ROI of 12%) depends on the successful, long-term sale of the co-products, with the related price uncertainties. The process is not commercial yet, but with a pilot plant expected to be running by 2007, the process may be ready for the coming decade, in time to utilize the bugwood resource for this high-value application. Demonstration is crucial to confirm both capital and operational costs for this technology, and to confirm projected product yields with bugwood as a resource. The market potential for ethanol is very large, as it can be mixed with gasoline. Nevertheless, a legislative obligation may be required to force refineries to accept ethanol in order to mix it with gasoline. At the current cost of oil-based products, the Lignol process should be able to sell ethanol for about 45 cents per litre, which would represent a significant revenue stream. The market for the other products of this process may be more limited and a more detailed feasibility study would have to assess market potentials and expected revenues from these materials with much certainty, as they account for a major part of expected plant revenues. While the Lignol process can use bark for process heat, it cannot process the bark itself and therefore has no alternative feedstocks in the forestry industry, other than sawmill residues. There may be competition for these residues in the coming decades as other technologies, such as pellet plants, source more and more of them. It appears, though, that the Lignol process may result in high-end products that will allow it to successfully compete for these feeedstocks. The process can also use other lignocellulosic feedstocks, such as straw, but would most likely depend on forest residues if a plant is located in the BC Interior. Being a BC technology, the Lignol process has some export potential which could be developed, creating a local manufacturing industry. Methanol: Methanol production technology from syngas is still in the development stage and may take significant time to develop commercially. The methanol yield is significantly affected by syngas composition and requires an optimum molecular ratio for the process to become feasible. Indirect fluidized gasification seems to be the best choice for methanol production from bugwood in BC. The addition of hydrogen instead of CO2 removal dramatically increases the methanol yield. The economics are determined both by the bulk selling price of methanol and by the cost of biomass feedstocks, and only the hydrogen enrichment scenario seems economic under the assumptions made, although increasing fuel prices may change this outcome. Demonstrations of gasification systems using biomass to create syngas for power Page 91PDF Image | IDENTIFYING ENVIRONMENTALLY PREFERABLE USES FOR BIOMASS
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