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BC Bugwood Envirochem Services Inc. generation in engines and turbines have not been successful in the past. They have been hindered by issues surrounding flue gas clean-up and process economics. There is no commercial technology today that can cost-effectively generate clean syngas by gasification of biomass. Cleaning the syngas remains a major technological challenge. A possible modification of the process would be to use cleaner cellulignin (see section on briquettes) to produce the required syngas. Synthetic Natural Gas: While it seems technically feasible to convert wood to pipeline standard natural gas, the technology is not available and no demonstration plants can be expected before 2010. Also, reaching a percentage of 2% CO2 in the gas – one of the quality criteria for natural gas in BC pipelines - does not seem technically feasibly at this point in time. The process cannot break even at the high feedstock costs modelled. Low-cost biomass residues, such as sawmill waste, may take such a plant to profitability while using a small portion of bugwood as a feedstock (less than 25%). Gasification is possible with a variety of feedstocks, but some wood (such as sawmill waste) may have to be pre-dried. A plant would have to be situated both near a gas pipeline that can accommodate its output, and also needs some process water and electricity. The subsidy per m3 required to make the process profitable is otherwise one of the largest among the technologies examined. In the end, the most important factor when considering gasification is the absence of any demonstrated technology that would allow for its implementation. Major breakthroughs in gasification technology are required to make this technology commercial. Using wood gas in vehicles instead of feeding it into a pipeline would require less extensive syngas processing, and would also displace more GHG emissions as it displaces gasoline and diesel instead of natural gas. However, this option would require that users modify their vehicles so they are able to use wood gas as a fuel and be prepared to absorb the increased maintenance and fuel handling costs (activities). This is only likely for local use as prepared biomass fuel is unlikely to be widely available. Table 6.1.1 Feasibility of Bugwood-to-Energy Technologies Technology Cost-effective Comments Pellets Some scenarios work, but not at high feedstock costs. Commercial. Limited domestic market due to concerns about particulate emissions. Potential in UK at high prices, but un-quantified. Coal plant may want to buy pellets for image reasons; biomass is competitive with natural gas as a fuel Cellulignin Briquettes CHP Bio-Liquid Ethanol Methanol SNG Local use works at lower feedstock cost Yes: off-grid, under 2 MW On-grid: Yes, at lower feedstock cost; marginal at $40/m3 No Yes, at lower feedstock cost Yes, with H2 addition No Commercial in Brazil. Depends on whether CL can be accepted as a substitute to natural gas in industrial and residential applications, and on natural gas prices. Pre-commercial. Costing depends on technology; small CHP reviewed is a new BC technology Depends on emission credits and RPP Incentive, as well as power sales price. Pre-commercial. High harvesting costs negate ROI; Bio- liquid market needs to be developed Pre-commercial. High uncertainty with respect to production cost and value of co-products; first demonstration plant in BC expected by 2007 Conceptual. Conceptual; requires higher natural gas price to break even. Page 92PDF Image | IDENTIFYING ENVIRONMENTALLY PREFERABLE USES FOR BIOMASS
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