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BC Bugwood Envirochem Services Inc. to eliminate the nitrogen present if air is used as the gasifying oxidant. It is possible to use pure oxygen instead of air, but the cost of oxygen then adds significantly to the processing cost. Indirectly heated gasifiers use steam as the gasifying agent, thus, avoiding the introduction of nitrogen into the process stream. • The nature of the initial syngas produced requires the subsequent conversion of carbon oxides (CO and CO2) and hydrogen to methane (CH4). While this is technically possible, the methanation reactor is costly and the system is not likely to be economical unless the plant runs longer than the 10-15 years the bugwood resource is expected to last. • The gas must also be cleaned and dried to remove tars and moisture. In addition, the presence of carbon monoxide, which provides much of the heating value of wood gas, must be eliminated or converted to methane as CO is an odourless and toxic gas that would add a toxicity risk in addition to an explosive risk if combined with natural gas. Likewise, hydrogen concentrations must be kept low to prevent pipeline corrosion and other problems. • In the methanation step, carbon can be formed, which will plug the nickel catalysts and disturb the process. The catalyst is also sensitive to some other impurities, such as hydrogen chloride or sulphur compounds. 4.7.3 Gasification Process to Produce SNG As described above, wood gasification produces a syngas composed of CO, CO2, methane, hydrogen and water, as well as impurities (tar, sulphur etc.). In a first step, SNG produces impurities which are filtered out. As pipeline-grade gas requires a high methane content, the next step is to covert CO and CO2 to methane in the methanation step: CO +3H2 ↔CH4 + H2O CO2 +4H2 ↔CH4 +2H2O Figure 4.7.3 Flow Diagram for the Battelle Indirect Wood Gasification and Methanation Process [ECN 2003] The process identified as the most cost-effective among several options by the Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN) is the Battelle indirect gasification process (see Figure 4.7.3). This process works at atmospheric pressure and uses the char it produces to heat the biomass in the gasifier. The wood itself was modeled by ECN as willow, with a 15% moisture content. As this is close to the 20% assumed for bugwood, no adjustment is made to account for this difference. The syngas produced in the gasifier is cooled so it can be treated in the gas clean-up unit. A heat exchange recovers some of the heat to be used for generating and superheating 40-bar steam. Steam produced with process heat is used to drive a condensing steam turbine to generate electricity. The gas cleanup comprises a dust filter, a quench (also Page 75PDF Image | IDENTIFYING ENVIRONMENTALLY PREFERABLE USES FOR BIOMASS
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