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BC Bugwood Envirochem Services Inc. based on the operator providing low-cost (or internal, no-cost) labour to fuel and maintain the systems. In addition, the small scale, while providing a potentially wider market, usually makes the return on investment poor relative to larger systems. Such micro-scale options are therefore not included in this current study. Figure 4.7.2 Gas Composition as a Function of Wood Feedstock Moisture [FAO 1986] Figure 4.7.2 shows the effect of moisture content on wood gas composition and demonstrates that above 35 % moisture in the wood the hydrogen content in the gas drops rapidly and the CO content has already dropped by 50% (from 24% to 12% CO). The water content of the gas increases with the moisture content of the wood. To reduce the amount of water vapour and achieve a high heat content of the syngas, it is important that the wood feedstock has a low water content of at most, 35%. With an assumed water content of 20%, bugwood is therefore well suited for the gasification process. The heat content of syngas varies greatly with the type and moisture content of the fuel feed, as well as the conversion process used. Most gasification processes use air to introduce oxygen into the process, which results in a gas mixture of a gross calorific value 4-7 MJ/Nm3 (dry). Special processes using pure oxygen would result in a gas mixture of a gross calorific value of 10-18 MJ/Nm3 (dry). For comparison, natural gas typically has a calorific value of 35 MJ/Nm3. Higher moisture content in the biomass feedstock causes a lower calorific value of the resulting syngas because more energy is needed to evaporate the moisture and this energy comes from more carbon being completely oxidized to carbon dioxide. 4.7.2 Wood Gasification and Conversion to Synthetic Natural Gas This thread focuses on the option of gasifying bugwood and feeding a purified synthetic natural gas (SNG) into existing natural gas pipelines where it would displace natural gas in industrial heating and wood drying or in residential heating and cooking applications. The production of SNG allows for the use of existing natural gas pipelines, and infrastructure that reaches into many of the major towns, allowing for a decentralised approach and avoiding any product transport costs. Several (mainly European) working groups pursue the aim of making gasification processes commercial. However, their research indicates that wood gasification to SNG is not yet a commercial process, and there are no systems available today that can convert wood gas into pipeline-grade methane in commercial quantities. Market-readiness of gasification processes able to produce pipeline-grade methane from biomass is expected by about 2011 [ECN 2003]. There are a number of obstacles to be overcome before such processes become commercial: • The primary difficulty is to create a product that will approach the purity and heating value of fossil natural gas, and therefore, meet the pipeline specifications. These relate to the need Page 74PDF Image | IDENTIFYING ENVIRONMENTALLY PREFERABLE USES FOR BIOMASS
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