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EXAMPLES OF RENEWABLES DEVELOPMENT IN SELECT COUNTRIES As examples of the use of renewables, data from the United States, Germany and China are provided (IEA 2006): United States: Total renewables produced are 97.76 Mtoe or 4.2% of TPES (2,319 Mtoe); electricity: 393,918 GWh/yr or 9.3% of total electricity produced, which comes mainly from hydro and biomass. GROWTH OF RENEWABLES Since 1990, renewable energy sources have grown at an average annual rate of 1.9%, as compared to the world TPES of 1.8% per annum. Wind has had the highest growth rate of 24.4%; however, from a small base in 1990. The second highest growth was from non-solid biomass combustible renewables and waste, such as renewable mu- nicipal waste, biogas and liquid biomass, averaging 8.1% annually since 1990. Solid biomass grew at a rate of 1.6% per annum. The bulk of the solid biomass (87.4%) is pro- duced and consumed in non-OECD regions, where these developing countries such as in South Asia and Sub-Saha- ran Africa use non-commercial biomass for residential cooking and heating (IEA, 2006). Most of the growth in hydro power took place in non- OECD regions, where it had a rate of 3.3% annually, com- pared to OECD countries at 0.6% annually. The remain- ing hydro potential appears to be in non-OECD countries, as indicated by China’s Three Gorges Dam which repre- sents a 1 to 2% increase in the world production, estimated at 18,200 MW of additional capacity. Renewable electricity generation grew on average 2.1% per annum worldwide, which is lower than the total elec- tricity generation at 2.8%. The total from renewables was 19.7% of global electricity in 1990, but fell to 17.9% in 2004. This is due to the slow growth of renewables, espe- cially hydro power in OECD countries. Based on data from the World Geothermal Congress 2005 (WGC2005), the capacity growth (MWe) since 1995 of geothermal energy was almost two-fold for direct-use (6.6% annually – without heat pumps) and 1.3 times for electric power capacity (2.7% annually). In terms of en- ergy production (GWh/yr), the growth for direct-use was almost two-fold (6.6% annually – without heat pumps) and 1.5 fold (4.1% annually) for electricity generation Germany: Total renewables produced are 6.66 Mtoe or 11.3% of TPES (59 Mtoe); electricity 73,350 GWh/yr or 14.3% of total electricity produced, which comes mainly from wind and hydro. China: Total renewables produced are 250.90 Mtoe or 15.6% of TPES (1,609 Mtoe); electricity: 356,129 GWh/yr or 20.7% of total electricity produced, which comes main- ly from hydro and biomass. GHC BULLETIN, JANUARY 2008 11PDF Image | GEOTHERMAL ENERGY USE COMPARED TO OTHER RENEWABLES
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