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(Lund et al., 2005; Bertani, 2005). Geothermal (ground- source) heat pumps have been the leader to worldwide growth, with the installed capacity growing at 23.6% an- nually and the annual energy use at 19.6% annually – mainly in the North America and Europe. Estimates for the future point to major growth in wind and solar electricity generation, with slower growth in geothermal, hydroelectric and biomass. Tide/ocean/wave are in their infancy with unknown growth. By 2010 the expected electrical generation capacity for wind will be 74 GW, solar 20 GW and geothermal 11 GW. Hydroelectric will grow primarily in non-OECD countries such as Chi- na, India and in Latin America. Biomass growth will be strong, especially in OECD countries. By 2004, 48 coun- tries had adopted some sort of policy aimed at encourag- ing renewable development of which 14 were from devel- oping countries. These policies include: 1) feed-in tariffs, 2) renewable portfolio standards, 3) direct capital invest- ment subsides or grants, and 4) tax incentives. Europe will most likely lead in developing renewable energy, due to strong commitments by the various European Union members. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS In summary, each of the various renewables have cer- tain limitations, some are better suited for electric energy production and others for direct heating. Some such as solar panels and wind machines can be installed easily and in a short period of time, whereas hydro and geothermal can often take more time, especially with large projects. Solar obviously depends on daytime sun light and night- time storage; wind can be intermittent and also depends on storage; hydro is subject to drought as recently experi- enced in east Africa and New Zealand and limited sites especially in OECD countries; biomass depends on a sup- ply of fuel and can contribute to greenhouses gases and particulate emission; tide and ocean is limited to areas where sufficient changes are available and where it does not interfere with navigation; and even though geothermal is base load for power and can supply the full load for heat- ing, it is site specific. Thus, all renewables have limita- tions, but must be supported as they can complement each other. Only geothermal heat pumps have worldwide ap- plication for both heating and cooling. Renewable resources as a total have a significant impact of the Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES), currently providing 13.1% of the TPES installed capacity and 17.9% of the electrical energy production in 2004. Growth over the period 1995-2004 of installed capacity of renewables has been 1.9% annually, and for geothermal it has been 2.7% annually for power generation and 6.6% for direct- use (without geothermal heat pumps). Geothermal heat pumps have increased 23.6% annually over the same pe- riod. REFERENCES Bertani, R., 2005. “World Geothermal Power Generation in the Period 2001-2005”, Geothermics, Vol. 34, No. 6 (Dec.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 651-690. EIA, 2004. Energy Information Agency, Washington D.C. www.eia.doe.gov. IEA, 2006. “Renewables Information 2006 – IEA Statistics”, International Energy Agency, Paris, France, 247 p. Li, J., Z. Wang, L. Ma, and J. Fan, 2007. “Renewable Energy Markets and Policies in China”, Proceedings of the ISES Solar World Congress 2007, Beijing, China. Lund, J. W., D. H. Freeston and T. L. Boyd, 2005. “Worldwide Direct-Uses of Geothermal Energy 2005”, Geothermics, Vol. 34, No. 6 (Dec.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 691-727. 12 GHC BULLETIN, JANUARY 2008PDF Image | GEOTHERMAL ENERGY USE COMPARED TO OTHER RENEWABLES
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