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Figure 1.1 Development of the annual heating demand [kWh/(m2a)] for German single-family houses with 150 m2 heated area and 3-4 residents (Breembroek and Dieleman, 2001). Figure 1.2 shows, as an example, the calculated monthly space heating demand [kWh/month] and DHW heating demand for a 100 m2 semi-detached house of different standards in Oslo, Norway. The different standards of the building envelope correspond to a house constructed according the Norwegian building codes of 1997 (BF97), a low-energy house (Energy rating B), a passive house (Energy rating A) and a passive house + (Energy rating A+) (Dokka and Hermstad, 2006). The average monthly DWH heating demand is about 335 kWh/month, which corresponds to an annual DHW heating demand of 4,000 kWh/year. This is the average value for Norwegian residences (Breembroek and Dieleman, 2001). Figure 1.2 Calculated monthly space and DHW heating demand [kWh/month] for a 100 m2 semi- detached house in Oslo, Norway constructed according to different building standards. The semi-detached house constructed according to BF97 has an annual space heating period of roughly 9 month/year, while the space heating periods for the low-energy house (B), the passive house (A) and the passive house+ (A+) are about 7, 6 and 5 months, respectively. The monthly heating demand for DHW is equal to or higher than the monthly space heating demands during the entire year for the passive houses (A and A+), whereas the monthly space heating demand is higher than the average DHW heating demand during roughly 4 month per year for a low-energy house. Consequently, it is important that integrated heat pump systems for low-energy houses and passive houses are designed for high energy efficiency in DHW heating mode, and that they are able to cover the entire demand without any electric reheating. International Energy Agency (IEA) Heat Pump Programme – Annex 32 – Workshop in Kyoto, Japan – December 6th, 2007 2PDF Image | INTEGRATED CO2 HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
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