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INTEGRATED CO2 HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS FOR SPACE HEATING AND HOT WATER HEATING IN LOW-ENERGY HOUSES AND PASSIVE HOUSES J. STENE SINTEF Energy Research, Kolbjørn Hejes vei 1D, 7465 Trondheim, Norway, Fax: +47 73593950 Jorn.Stene@sintef.no ABSTRACT Low-energy and passive houses are superinsulated and air-tight buildings where the space heating demand is considerably lower than that of buildings constructed in accordance with common buildings codes. Due to the low space heating demand, the annual heating demand for domestic hot water (DHW) typically consti- tutes 50 to 85% of the total annual heating demand in the residence. A heat pump system can be used to cover the heating demands in low-energy houses and passive houses. The heat pump system can be designed as stand-alone systems, i.e. a heat pump water heater (HPWH) in combination with separate units for space heating, or be an integrated unit for combined space heating and hot water heating (IHPS). Due to compact design, the latter system is most likely to achieve the lowest investment and installation costs and with that the best profitability. Integrated residential heat pump systems using carbon dioxide (CO2, R744) as a working fluid can achieve high Coefficient of Performance (COP) due to the unique characteristics of the transcritical cycle with heat rejection in a gas cooler at a gliding CO2 temperature. Integrated CO2 heat pumps for space heating and hot water heating can be designed to utilize different heat sources such as bedrock, ground, exhaust ventilation air, ambient air or a combination of exhaust ventilation air and ambient air. Different integrated CO2 heat pump systems have been investigated, focusing on the design of the gas cooler and the DHW system. It was found that a counter-flow tripartite CO2 gas cooler in combination with an external single-shell hot water tank and a low-temperature heat distribution system, would enable production of DHW in the required temperature range from 60 to 85oC and contribute to the highest possible COP for the CO2 heat pump system. The Seasonal Performance Factor (SPF) for a prototype brine-to-water CO2 heat pump was calculated on the basis of laboratory measurements and compared with the performance of a high- efficiency HFC brine-to-water heat pump unit. At DHW heating demand ratios above approximately 50%, the CO2 heat pump system outperformed the HFC heat pump system. Consequently, integrated CO2 heat pump systems equipped with a tripartite gas cooler represent a very promising, high-efficiency system for combined space heating and DHW heating in low-energy and passive houses. The results presupposes the use of a low-temperature space heating system and optimized design of the DHW tank in order to minimize thermodynamic losses caused by mixing of hot and cold water and conductive heat transfer inside the tank. 1. HEATING DEMANDS IN LOW-ENERGY HOUSES AND PASSIVE HOUSES In low-energy houses and passive houses the space heating demand and the ventilation loss have been greatly reduced compared to houses constructed in accordance with standard building codes. This has been made possible by better insulated and more air-tight building envelopes, advanced ventilation systems with high-efficiency heat recovery and utilization of passive solar heating. Since the DHW demand is more or less the same, the annual heating demand for DHW typically constitutes 50 to 85% of the total annual heating demand in Scandinavian residences – i.e. an annual DHW heating demand ratio of 0.50 to 0.85 (Dokka and Hermstad, 2006). Figure 1.1 shows, as an example, the development of the various heating demands [kWh/(m2a)] in single-family houses in Germany (Breembroek, Dieleman, 2001). International Energy Agency (IEA) Heat Pump Programme – Annex 32 – Workshop in Kyoto, Japan – December 6th, 2007 1PDF Image | INTEGRATED CO2 HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
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