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2. INTEGRATED HEAT PUMPS FOR SPACE HEATING AND DHW HEATING A heat pump system can be used to cover the heating demands in low-energy houses and passive houses. The heat pump system can be designed as stand-alone systems, i.e. a heat pump water heater (HPWH) in combination with a separate unit for space heating, or be an integrated unit for combined space heating and hot water heating (IHPS). Due to compact design, the latter system is most likely to achieve the lowest investment and installation costs and with that the best profitability. There exists a large number of different designs for integrated heat pump systems with conventional working fluids, and the main differences are related to the design and operation of the DHW system, including: • Double-shell tank system – heating of DHW by condenser heat only – the heat pump must have an average supply water temperature above 60oC in order to cover the entire DHW heating demand – at lower supply temperatures from the heat pump electric reheating of DHW is required – this is not a recommended system design for heat pumps in low-energy houses and passive houses • Desuperheater system – DHW heating by desuperheat only – the space heating demand is covered by condenser heat, and the compressor is switched on/off according to this demand – the system will only cover the DHW heating demand when there is a space heating demand in the house – this is not a recommended system design for heat pumps low-energy houses and passive houses • Shuttle-valve system – space heating and DHW heating by condenser heat only – intermittent opera- tion with either space heating or DHW heating – the condensation temperature adjusts to the actual temperature requirement in the space heating and DHW systems – the heat pump is able to cover the entire DHW heating demand if R134a or R290 (propane) is used as a working fluid due to the high maximum condensation temperature – this is a suitable system for low-energy houses and passive houses when the heat pump unit is charged with R134a or R290 • Two-stage DHW system – preheating of DHW with condenser heat and reheating of DHW with desuperheat (one or two storage tanks) – the heat pump may achieve a higher Seasonal Performance Factor than shuttle-valve systems since the utilization of desuperheat for reheating of DHW lowers the average condensation temperature for the heat pump – this is a suitable system for low-energy houses and passive houses. Figure 2.1 shows principle example of a two-stage heat pump DHW system. • Other combined designs – including utilization of heat from subcooling of the working fluid Figure 2.1 Principle of a residential heat pump system for combined space heating and DHW heating. DHW is preheated and reheated by means of heat from the condenser and a desuperheater. International Energy Agency (IEA) Heat Pump Programme – Annex 32 – Workshop in Kyoto, Japan – December 6th, 2007 3PDF Image | INTEGRATED CO2 HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
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