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1. Introduction For decades, diverse studies have been conducted to develop renewable and sustainable energies while reducing the environment defects of global warming, greenhouse effect, air pollution and waste of natural resources. Among a diversity of energy-efficient and environmental friendly technologies identified for power generation, the geothermal energy has proved to be an alternative energy source for electric power generation due to its economic competitiveness, the operational reliability of its power plants, and its environmentally friendly nature [1]. Current research activities undertaken worldwide have aimed at reducing the cost of geothermal electricity production either in resource exploration or extraction, reservoir stimulation, drilling techniques, or energy conversion systems. The present study considers a thermodynamic analysis and performance optimization of four energy conversion systems utilized in small binary-cycle geothermal power plants operating with moderately low-temperature and liquid-dominated geothermal resources in the range of 110oC to 160oC. Various studies were conducted by diverse authors proposing innovative methods to improve the performance of the binary-cycle geothermal power plant operating with moderately low-temperature geothermal resources. Among others, we may acknowledge Gu and Sato [2] who studied the supercritical cycles. Kanoglu [3] discussed dual-level binary geothermal power plant, and DiPippo [4] proposed both a recovery heat exchanger (RHE) with a cascade of evaporators with both high- and low-pressure turbines operating in a Kalina cycle. Desai and Bandyopadhyay [5] recommended incorporating both regeneration and turbine bleeding to the basic organic Rankine cycles, whereas Gnutek and Bryszewska-Mazurek [6] suggested multicycle with different thermodynamic properties. An investigation on the optimal design of the binary cycle power plants for maximum cycle power output, the sole objective of this study, was discussed by Borsukiewicz-Gozdur and Novak [7] who maximized the working fluid flow to increase the power output of the geothermal power plant by repeatedly returning a fraction of the geofluid downstream of the evaporator to completely vaporize the working fluid prior expanding in the turbine. Madhawa Hettiarachchi et al [8] presented a cost-effective optimum design criterion based on the ratio of total heat transfer area to the net cycle power output as the objective function, for the simple ORC employing low temperature geothermal resources. In most of the studies mentioned above, the minimization of the geothermal fluid flow rate (or specific brine consumption) for a given cycle power output was addressed as the objective function for the optimum design of the ORCs. The present study, however, focuses on maximizing the cycle power output for a given geothermal fluid flow rate while minimizing the geothermal plant exergy destruction (or irreversibility) with careful design of the heat exchangers utilized in the geothermal power systems. The paper consists of an analytical and numerical thermodynamic optimization of the selected ORCs to maximize the cycle power output. The optimization process and Entropy Generation Minimization (EGM) analysis were performed to minimize the exergy loss of the power plant. Optimal operating conditions were determined for maximum cycle power output per unit mass flow rate of the geothermal fluid. In addition, a performance analysis of the selected organic working fluids, namely refrigerants R123, R152a, isobutane and n-pentane, was conducted to demonstrate the extent at which they do affect the design and operation of the binary geothermal power plants under saturation temperature and subcritical pressure operating conditions of the turbine. 2. Proposed model Small binary cycle geothermal power plants operating with moderate low-grade and liquid- dominated geothermal resources in the range of 110oC to 160oC are considered. The low- grade geothermal heat can suitably be recovered by an ORC or Kalina cycle. For the purpose of this study, the ORC was preferred considering its widely use in geothermal power generation, the simplicity of its power cycle, and the ease of maintenance [9].PDF Image | THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS AND PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZATION OF ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLES FOR THE CONVERSION OF LOW-TO-MODERATE GRADE GEOTHERMAL HEAT
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