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In the literature, more than 50 pure and mixtures of organic compounds for ORC have been considered, and classified as “wet”, “dry” or “isentropic” organic fluids according to the slope of its saturated-vapour line [9]. This study considers refrigerants R123, R152a, isobutane and n-pentane as binary working fluids for the conversion of the low-to-moderate grade geothermal heat. Refrigerant R123 is an isentropic organic fluid with a near-vertical saturated vapour-phase line, thus a nearly infinitely large slope of the saturated-vapour line. Refrigerant R152a belongs to the wet type, thus having a negative slope of the saturated- vapour line. Isobutane and n-pentane represent dry organic compounds characterized by a positive slope of the saturated-vapour line. The thermodynamic phases of the selected working fluids are illustrated on a Temperature vs. Entropy diagram in Fig. 1. In Table 1, the main thermo-physical properties of the selected binary working fluids are listed, as obtained from EES (Engineering Equation Solver) software [10]. Name Chemical formula Type Organic type Molecular weight @ o o /. / 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1- trifluoroethane HCFC Isentropic 152.93 27.82 183.68 3.662 738.51 161.82 1,1- Difluoroethane HFC Wet Isobutane n-Pentane HC HC Dry Dry Figure 1: T-s diagram of selected binary fluids for ORC Working fluid R123 R152a R600a R601 Thermo-physical properties 66.05 -24.02 113.26 4.517 1456.02 249.67 58.12 -11.67 134.67 3.62 181.42 303.44 72.15 36.0 196.55 3.37 1824.12 349.00 Table 1: Thermodynamic properties of selected binary fluids for [8,11] Four ORCs were analysed analytically and numerically, and their performance optimized to maximum the cycle power output. The selected ORCs are illustrated in Fig. 2. In Fig. 2a, a simple ORC type is shown. The primary heat transfer medium is pumped at high pressure and continuously circulated through the earth in a closed pipe system [12-13]. The fluid is thus heated by the linearly increasing underground temperature with depth, as it flows down the well. A secondary or binary fluid with a lower boiling point and higher vapour pressure is therefore completely vaporized and usually superheated by the primary fluid through a closed pipe system heat exchanger, to expand in the turbine and then condense either in an air-cooled or water-cooled condenser prior returning to the vaporizer and thus completingPDF Image | THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS AND PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZATION OF ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLES FOR THE CONVERSION OF LOW-TO-MODERATE GRADE GEOTHERMAL HEAT
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