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combustion engine. The exhaust gas heats the thermal oil which temperature reaches the value of about 240°C. In the subcritical case, the preheating, evaporation, and superheating area are clearly distinguished, when, on the other hand, in the case of supercritical parameters this does not happen. This fact has an effect on the exergy losses of the systems. In the second case the thermodynamic efficiency is better and this can be also observed in Figures 5 and 6, since in TABLE II. EFFICIENCIES OF SUB- AND SUPERCRITICAL ORC PROCESSES COMBINED WITH IC ENGINES. ηTh ηSystem Subcritical 14,62 % 11,27 % Super- critical 15,97 % 12,72 % relative efficiency gain + 9,2 % + 12,8 % SH Evaporator Economizer higher in the case of supercritical fluid parameters as it has been discussed when presenting equation (1). The total efficiency of the system is also about one percentage point better in the case in which supercritical fluid parameters are used. Therefore, the total efficiency of the system is about 13% higher in the case of supercritical fluid parameters. This result is linked with two facts. First of all, with the fact that, as already mentioned, the thermodynamic efficiency is better in the case of supercritical ORC and the second is that in the supercritical process more heat can be transferred from the exhaust gas into the thermal oil when the pinch point (PP1) difference between them is the same. The total efficiency of the system can be improved further if the internal efficiency of the pump is better. For the above mentioned calculations a pump efficiency of 75 % has been taken into consideration. 3.3. Geothermal plants using ORC Another case where the ORC technology is applied is its combination with the heat coming from geothermal heat sources. Conventional power station technology is not suitable for heat sources with temperatures between 80°C and 160°C. The Kalina process which is a process using a mixture of ammonia and water seems to be the only alternative to ORC. An example of a geothermal plant using the ORC process is the plant Neustadt-Glewe in Germany (Broßmann et al.), which was the first geothermal power plant in Germany (Lund, 2005). This plant is a simple Organic Rankine Cycle Plant which uses n- Perfluorpentane (C5F12) as working fluid. It uses water of approximately 98°C located at a depth of 2.250 m and converts this heat to 210 kW electricity by means of an Organic-Rankine- Cycle (ORC) turbine. Another well known geothermal plant using ORC process is the Altheim Rankine Cycle Turbogenerator in the upper Austrian city Altheim. This plant produces 1 MWel power and supply heat to a small district heating system (www.geothermie.de). The thermal power input from the geothermal water is equal to 12,4 MWth. PP2 PP1 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 20 40 60 80 Heat [%] 100 Figure 5. Q-T diagrams of subcritical ORC waste heat recovery process. Total heat transferred to the thermal oil and the supercritical medium 0 600 500 400 300 200 100 PP2 PP1 0 20 40 60 80 Heat [%] 100 Figure 6. Q-T diagrams of supercritical ORC waste heat recovery process. the second diagram, the area between the thermal oil curve and the organic fluid curve is much smaller than in the first one. In both diagrams the minimum temperature difference between the thermal oil and the exhaust gas (pinch point PP1) was kept constant at 40 K. The second pinch point linked with the minimum temperature difference between the thermal oil and the organic medium (PP2) was also kept constant at the value of 10 K. The thermal efficiency as well as the system efficiency for subcritical and supercritical fluid parameters are presented in TABLE II. As presented in TABLE II, the calculations proved that the thermal efficiency of the Organic Rankine cycle is more than one percentage point Int. J. of Thermodynamics, Vol. 11 (No. 3) 105 Temperature [°C] Temperature [°C]PDF Image | Supercritical Fluid Parameters in Organic Rankine Cycle Applications
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