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R227ea 115 Super 10% 115 Super 1% 105 Sub 115 Sub 105 Super 1% Water Organic Fluid Expander 10 8 6 4 2 0 100 Water District Heating Net Steam Generator Recuperator G Bore Hole Injection Bore Hole 120 140 160 Heat source temperature [°C] Figure 7. Geothermal ORC plant. The Geothermal plant which has been taken into consideration during the calculations of the ORC process is shown in Figure 7. As it can be seen in this figure, hot water coming from the earth is pumped and provides heat to a heat exchanger for the district heating net. Another part of it bypasses the heating net and is used as heat sources for the Organic Rankine Process. The cold water is returned to the earth. A difference between the ORC used for the geothermal plant and the processes described before is that in the case of geothermal plants no thermal oil is needed. The hot water coming from the earth has a temperature of around 90°C- 160°C and provides its heat directly to the ORC fluid. The efficiency of the geothermal power plant has been calculated in various cases. Figure 9. System efficiency for sub- and supercritical cycles (R227ea). In Figure 9 and Figure 10 the variation of the system efficiency in subcritical and supercritical fluid parameters is presented. Two cases of superheated vapour temperature are presented (105°C and 115°C). In the case of supercritical calculations, the cases of 1% and 10% pressure above the critical pressure have been examined. The efficiency of the turbine was set to 80 %, the efficiency of the feed pump to 70 %, condensation temperature to 30 °C and the temperature difference at the pinch point of the recuperator to 5 K. Pressure losses are neglected. 10 8 6 4 2 0 100 120 Heat source temperature [°C] Figure 10. System efficiency for sub- and supercritical cycles (R134a). Concerning the thermal efficiency of the ORC process, the results from the calculations are presented in TABLE III. In TABLE III, in the cases in which the efficiency is typed bold, the expansion in the turbine ends in the two-phase area (point 4 in Figure 1), so no recuperator can be used. That is the reason why the thermal efficiency in these Feed Pump R134a 115 Super 1% 115 Super 10% 105 Sub 115 Sub 105 Super 1% 150 100 50 0 -50 TC R227ea R134a -100 0,50 1,00 1,50 2,00 Entropy [kJ/kgK] 140 160 Figure 8. R227ea and R134a saturation curves. Two working fluids have been taken into consideration: the working fluids R134a and R227ea. These two working fluids, according to TABLE I are suitable for such plants, since they both have a critical temperature of around 100°C. The form of their saturation lines is also of great interest since the one is with an inclination (227ea) and the other without (see figure 8) The heat source temperature in the calculations varied between 110 °C and 160 °C. 106 Int. J. of Thermodynamics, Vol. 11 (No. 3) Temperature [°C] System efficiency [%] System efficiency [%]PDF Image | Supercritical Fluid Parameters in Organic Rankine Cycle Applications
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