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Bu et al. Geothermal Energy 2013, 1:2 www.geothermal-energy-journal.com/content/1/1/2 can utilize waste heat for refrigeration or air conditioning (Lu et al. 2013; Luo et al. 2012). Srikhirin et al. (2001) described a number of research options of absorption refrigeration technology and provided a comparison of the various types of absorption refrigeration sys- tems. Meunier (1998) claimed that solid sorption is very effective for low-grade cooling, not only for air conditioning but also for deep freezing. Wang et al. (2013) studied an absorption air-conditioning system driven by a low-grade geothermal heat source. Kairouani and Nehdi (2006) developed a novel combined compression-absorption refrigeration system assisted by geothermal energy. Davis and Wu (1997) used a finite-time thermodynamic approach to analyze a geothermal-powered low-temperature Rankine cycle for air conditioning. Rosiek and Batlles (2012) described a shallow geothermal system that was designed as an alternative to the cooling tower in a solar-assisted air-conditioning system installed in southern Spain. Lubis et al. (2011) carried out a thermodynamic analysis of a hybrid geothermal heat pump system. Kececiler et al. (2000) designed an absorption refrigeration system with geothermal energy and experimentally analyzed its performance. Adsorption air-conditioning systems have the advantages of simple control, low initial investment and circulating expenditure, and less noise; however, the coefficient of per- formance is generally low. Because of sustainable development requirements, efficient refrigerators driven by low-grade thermal energy from different sources have received much more attention in recent years. Currently, the use of thermal energy to operate an organic Rankine cycle-vapor compression cycle (ORC/VCC) for refrigeration has be- come the subject of renewed interest and has been reported by several investigators. The ORC/VCC system converts waste heat into a cooling effect, which is accomplished at the site of the installation by using the organic Rankine cycle to generate the shaft work required to drive a vapor compression cycle. Aphornratana and Sriveerakul (2010) theoretically analyzed a combined Rankine vapor-compression refrigeration cycle powered by low-grade thermal energy. Wang et al. (2011a, b) introduced a novel thermally activated cooling concept - a combined cycle that couples an ORC and a VCC - and developed a prototype with a nominal cooling capacity of 5 kW. Demierre et al. (2012) presented the development of an ORC-ORC prototype with HFC-134a as the working fluid and a heating power about 20 kW at the condenser. However, few people study the geothermal energy-powered ORC/VCC system for air conditioning, especially ORC/VCC system driven by waste heat from hot springs. In addition, the se- lection of working fluids has a great effect on the system efficiency and operation con- dition. Recently, many efforts have been made on the choice of working fluids and the performance analysis of the ORC (Invernizzi et al. 2007; Macchi and Perdichizzi 1981). Hung et al. (2010) investigated Rankine cycles using organic fluids as working fluids in converting low-grade energy and identified suitable working fluids which may yield high system efficiencies. Wang et al. (2012) presented a working fluid selection and parametric optimization using a multi-objective optimization model by simulated annealing algorithm. Guo et al. (2011) investigated the selection of working fluids for a novel low-temperature geothermal-powered ORC-based cogeneration system. Qiu (2012) compared eight mostly applied working fluids nowadays and gave preferable ranking by means of spinal point method. Wang et al. (2011c) analyzed the per- formance of different working fluids operating in specific regions using a thermody- namic model. Lakew and Bolland (2010) studied the performance of different working fluids to recover a low-temperature heat source. Stijepovic et al. (2012) explored the Page 2 of 14PDF Image | Performance analysis and working fluid selection for geothermal energy-powered organic Rankine-vapor compression air conditioning
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