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Bu et al. Geothermal Energy 2013, 1:2 www.geothermal-energy-journal.com/content/1/1/2 relationships between working fluid properties and ORC common economic and ther- modynamic performance criteria from a theoretical and an analytical point of view. In this paper, to utilize the vast amount of waste energy discharged from hot springs for air conditioning, the ORC/VCC system is employed and a thermodynamic model is developed. Six working fluids, including hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC; e.g. R123), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs; e.g. R134a and R245fa) and hydrocarbons (HCs; e.g. butane, isobutane and propane), are selected and evaluated to identify suitable working fluids which may yield high system efficiencies. Methods System design and working fluid selection The system of ORC/VCC driven by waste energy from hot springs for air conditioning at hot spring hotels mainly consists of a geothermal water outlet, hot water pump, geo- thermal water inlet, generator, expander, compressor, evaporator, throttle valve, con- denser, cooling water pump and working fluid pump, as shown in Figure 1. The working principle of this system is as follows: waste heats collected from hot springs provide energy to heat and vaporize a working fluid with low boiling point. Energy is extracted from this vapor in an expansion engine that is used to drive a vapor compres- sor for air conditioning. Afterwards, the fluid exiting the expander is condensed and pumped back to the generator where it is again vaporized. A vertical generator is used and countercurrent is applied in the generator to improve the system efficiency. That is, the hot water flows in the generator from top to bottom, and the working fluid flows from bottom to top in the generator. A water-cooled condenser is used in this system, Page 3 of 14 BC A 6 D 1 3 I J 2 EF 7 K4H5 Figure 1 System schematic diagram. A, geothermal water outlet; B, hot water pump; C, geothermal water inlet; D, generator; E, expander; F, compressor; G, evaporator; H, throttle valve; I, condenser; J, cooling water pump; K, working fluid pump. GPDF Image | Performance analysis and working fluid selection for geothermal energy-powered organic Rankine-vapor compression air conditioning
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