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1. Introduction The Electronic Materials and Devices Project carries out research in semiconductor materials, device properties, and fabrication processes to improve the efficiency, stability, and cost of photovoltaic solar energy conversion. This research can be characterized in three forms. First, we apply our capabilities to assist industry and the National Research Teams in addressing current problems. Second, we explore specific techniques and processes to develop and transfer technology improvements that industry will soon need. Finally, we seek to create new technologies and lead the development of the knowledge base and tools for the future of PV. Through these activities, the project supports both flat-plate and concentrator PV technologies at the cell and module level, in all of the application targets and time frames identified in the DOE Solar Program Multi-Year Technical Plan. Our work spans all of the major PV technologies, from silicon wafers through organic nanocomposite films. Our work is best known for the world-record efficiencies we have achieved in each of the materials systems under investigation. These accomplishments are the result of continuous improvement in the quality of our materials and innovation in design of device structures. During 2004, we continued to increase our emphasis on innovation in materials processing. This is opening new opportunities to accelerate the pace of research and the potential for technology transfer, with the targets of simplicity, high throughput, and improved source utilization and yield. 2. Technical Approach The project is composed of four primary research tasks and management. The management task coordinates project planning and operations within the PV program and interactions with projects of related interests from other agencies and private sources. Funds are also consolidated in this task for planned major costs for equipment upgrades and unanticipated major repairs. The research tasks and areas of investigation follow. 2.1 Silicon Materials • Amorphous/crystalline silicon heterojunctions • Ta-wire HWCVD a-SiGe:H low-gap cells • Film crystalline Si on glass • Optical/capacitive spectroscopy of defects in PV cells. 2.2 Process and Advanced Concepts • Development of combinatorial materials science deposition, diagnostics, and data analysis. • Ink-jet processing of electronic materials • Organic and nanocomposite solar cells • In-situ diagnostics for thin-film growth • Process evaluation CRADAs (GTI, Evergreen Solar, and AKT). 2.3 Thin-Film Polycrystalline Compounds • Wide-bandgap absorbers for polycrystalline thin-film tandem solar cells • Comparative study of the junction and interface formation and properties in CdTe/CdS and the Cu-chalcopyrite system • TCOs for thin-film solar cells • Develop simplified and improved processes for CdTe and CIS manufacture • Thinfilm intrinsic device stability. 2.4 Concentrator Crystalline Cells • Dilute nitrides for 4-junction GaInP/GaAs/GaInAsN/Ge or similar cell • Multijunction GaNP on silicon • Novel lattice-mismatched cell. Budget allocations by task are provided below. Task Title Silicon Materials Process and Advanced Concepts Thin-film Polycrystalline Compounds Concentrator Crystalline Cells Electronic Materials Management FY 2004 Budget ($K) 1,994.8 1,896.8 3,069.7 1,940.0 343.7 David Ginley, task leader for Process and Advanced Concepts, created a contractual mechanism for all of NREL through which we are able to engage students from local universities in collaborative research. This University Collaboration program provides a blanket subcontract that allows investigators from NREL to identify a topic of investigation of importance to an NREL project and suitable for thesisPDF Image | FY 2004 ANNUAL REPORT DOE Solar
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