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Proc. of the 3rd IASME/WSEAS Int. Conf. on Energy, Environment, Ecosystems and Sustainable Development, Agios Nikolaos, Greece, July 24-26, 2007 363 If for example, contrary to the constant temperature heat source of 100 0C assumed by the Carnot cycle, the sensible heat source is cooled down from 100 0C to 25 0C and if the ambient temperature at which the condenser rejects its heat remains 15 0C, the maximum efficiency becomes 13.8%. The inherently low thermal efficiencies of power equipment for moderate temperature geothermal sensible heat sources require relatively large heat exchanger and machinery equipment per unit of power produced. This affects the power plant cost negatively. However, the temperature levels encountered in these applications approach more the air-conditioning temperature range than the steam power generation temperature range. This allows the use of lower cost air- conditioning components instead of the more expensive power generation industry hardware. Use of low-cost air-conditioning hardware for moderate temperature power generation can offset the equipment cost penalty that results from the requirement of larger heat exchangers as a result of the inherently lower thermal efficiency. 2. HVAC compressors running in reverse as turbines/expanders Compressors in HVAC and refrigeration installations are known to start running in reverse after system shut-down, unless special provisions are in place to prevent compressors, e.g. scroll and screw compressors, requiring a check valve in the compressor discharge line to prevent reverse rotation. Turbo-compressors, such as the centrifugal compressors used on water-cooled chillers, can easily be designed to handle temporary reverse rotation following system shut- down. After system shutdown, pressure equalization takes place between the condenser and the evaporator. During that process refrigerant flashes/boils in the condenser and condenses in the evaporator, temporarily reversing the original design roles of these heat exchangers with heat now being rejected to the chilled water loop and extracted from the cooling tower water loop. Figure 1 compares the normal operation of the refrigeration or vapor compression cycle with its operation during pressure equalization. The rotational speed of the turbo-compressor is immediately reversed after shutdown. The time required for pressure equalization depends on the amount of refrigerant charge in the condenser and evaporator relative to the size of the compressor and whether or not the cooling tower and chilled water pumps are stopped. Pressure equalization takes typically place within half a minute. One of the qualification tests a water-cooled chiller centrifugal compressor has to go through during its development phase is the sudden power failure test. Since the heat transfer between refrigerant and water is reversed during pressure equalization, the entering Heat In Throttle Valve Heat Out Compressor No Power to Motor Condenser Evaporator/Cooler Motor that. Reverse operation can be detrimental for certain type of positive displacement Heat Out Throttle Valve Heat In Compressor Power In Condenser Motor Evaporator/Cooler Figure 1a. Vapor compression system before shut down Figure 1b. Vapor compression system during shut downPDF Image | Concentrating Solar Power 10 MW
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