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Proc. of the 3rd IASME/WSEAS Int. Conf. on Energy, Environment, Ecosystems and Sustainable Development, Agios Nikolaos, Greece, July 24-26, 2007 362 Renewable Power Production of Moderate Temperature Geothermal Heat Using Air Conditioning Hardware JOOST J. BRASZ, Carrier Corporation, Syracuse, NY 13221, USA joost.j.brasz@carrier.utc.com Abstract: - A system has been developed to enable cost-effective power production from moderate temperature liquid heat sources, defined as temperatures less than 125 0C. Examples of such heat sources are the warm water from geothermal wells, the warm water/oil mixture from active or abandoned oil and gas wells and the warm jacket water from reciprocating engines that is normally cooled in radiators. The moderate temperature power plant is a vapor power cycle with an organic fluid or refrigerant instead of water/steam as the working fluid. Functionally it resembles the steam cycle power plant: A pump downstream of the condenser increases the pressure of the condensed working fluid. This high-pressure liquid is then vaporized in an evaporator/boiler by extracting heat from some moderate temperature heat source. The high- pressure vapor expands in a turbine, producing power. The low-pressure vapor leaving the turbine is condensed before being sent back to the pump to restart the cycle. The paper will describe the successful demonstration of this technology in generating 400 kW electrical power from a 73 0C geothermal; heat source in Fairbanks, AK and will illustrate the potential of this technology for moderate temperature geothermal resources in Greece. Key-Words: - Organic Rankine Cycle, Geothermal Power, Moderate Temperature Heat, Air Conditioning Hardware, Renewable Power, Waste Heat Power Recovery 1. Introduction The commercial penetration of waste heat power recovery systems into the market was limited in the past due to the inherently low thermal efficiency as dictated by the second law of thermodynamics for power generation of moderate temperature (< 125 0C) sensible heat sources (< 125 0C). The maximum thermal efficiency (assuming all heat transfer, pressure rise and expansion processes are reversible) of a power generation process utilizing a constant temperature 100 0C (373.15 K) heat source and a constant temperature 15 0C (288.15 K) heat sink is given by the Carnot efficiency: pumps and turbines and the friction losses in the connecting piping result in final thermal efficiencies substantially (30-50% lower) than the Carnot efficiency. For a sensible heat source, such as the hot water from a geothermal well, the temperature drops when heat is extracted. As a consequence, the average temperature difference between heat source and heat sink diminishes, causing a further reduction in thermal efficiency. It can be shown that the maximum possible efficiency of a sensible heat source where during heat extraction by the power plant the temperature reduces from T1H to T2H and an infinite heat sink at temperature TL (2) Equation (2) can be used to illustrate the lower thermal efficiency resulting from a finite latent heat source compared to the Carnot efficiency given by Equation (1). ηCarnot = H TH max T−TT 1H 2H 2H T − T L = 373.15 − 288.15 373.15 = 22.8% (1) TT η=1−L ln1H Actual process irreversibilities such as the necessary temperature difference between the working fluid of the cycle and the heat source/heat sink fluids, the inefficiencies ofPDF Image | Concentrating Solar Power 10 MW
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