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Proc. of the 3rd IASME/WSEAS Int. Conf. on Energy, Environment, Ecosystems and Sustainable Development, Agios Nikolaos, Greece, July 24-26, 2007 364 Centrifugal chiller during normal operation 19XR/XR T T Motor Compressor Evaporator/Cooler Prefr =3bar Centrifugal chiller during pressure equalization 19XR/XR Twater= 350C Twater= 300C Twater= 250C Twater= 300C Twater= 150C Twater= 100C Condenser Prefr =8bar Evaporator Prefr =8bar=>5bar Twater= 50C Twater= 100C Condenser Prefr =3bar=>5bar Figure 2a. Centrifugal chiller during normal operation condenser water is temporarily cooled down and the water entering the cooler/evaporator is temporarily warmed up. Figures 2a and 2b compare chiller behavior at normal operating conditions versus that after shut down during pressure equalization. During the development of a centrifugal chiller, which uses a compressor with a discrete passage diffuser as opposed to the vaneless diffuser concept used on previous designs, high reverse rotational speed was observed after shutdown. Reverse rotational speeds up to 75% of the original speed were Compressor Operation: Cut-away Of Impeller (Spinning Clockwise) and Pipe Diffuser (Radial Outward Flow) Figure 3a. Centrifugal compressor Figure 2b. Centrifugal chiller during pressure equalization now seen. The explanation for this phenomenon is that the discrete diffuser passages introduced for better pressure recovery in the diffuser and therefore higher compressor efficiency act as perfect turbine nozzles during pressure equalization. This observation triggered the idea to actually use this compressor as a turbine. Figures 3a and 3b show how the impeller/pipe diffuser combination of a centrifugal compressor can act as the perfect nozzle/rotor combination for a radial inflow turbine when flow direction and rotor speed are reversed. Turbine Operation: Cut-away Of Impeller (Spinning Counter-clockwise) and Pipe Nozzle (Radial Inward Flow) Figure 3b. Radial inflow turbine This pressure equalization process takes about 20 seconds on an R-134a chiller Centrifugal compressor IMPELLER PIPE WHEEL DIFFUSER IMPELLER WHEEL AS TURBINE ROTOR Radial inflow turbine PIPE DIFFUSER AS TURBINE NOZZLEPDF Image | Concentrating Solar Power 10 MW
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