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immune systems)—the evidence of harm is sparse and largely anecdotal. Cooling towers are a common element of our industrial, commercial, and residential scenes in high-density population areas in all climates. No compelling epidemiology has established a significant threat. Reasonable monitoring and control procedures should be followed, but it is unlikely that the choice of cooling system would be significantly influenced by public health concerns. It should be noted that Legionnaire’s Disease should also be viewed in the context of worker safety and health. This has been addressed in OSHA guidelines, and the topic is reviewed by DiFilippo (2001). Biological Impacts The biological impacts usually considered in relationship to cooling systems are entrainment and impingement losses. These result from aquatic life—from fish to microorganisms—being drawn into the cooling system (entrainment) or onto the intake screen (impingement) along with the cooling water. These effects, which have long been recognized and regulated under Section 316(b) of the Clean Water Act (EPA 2000), were usually considered in connection with once- through cooling systems. In once-through cooling, intake requirements of 500 gpm/MW can result in high withdrawals from the source water body even for modest-size plants. The use of wet recirculating systems reduces the withdrawal rates to perhaps 2.5 to 3% of those in once-through systems. In recirculating evaporative systems, however, the entrained organisms have no chance of survival, and the water is not returned to the source water body. In the case of the smallest water bodies with low in-stream flows, it may be possible that even this reduced amount could have an important biological impact. The use of dry systems will result in another 20-fold reduction in withdrawal rates. However, in comparison to once-through cooling, the further reduction over what wet recirculating systems achieve is small—from 2.5 to 3% down to perhaps 0.1%. The EPA has recently proposed (EPA 2000) that power plants requiring NPDES permits and operating cooling water intake structures (CWIS) that withdraw more than 2 million gpd must consider alternative technologies to determine the Best Available Technology for the site. To put this in perspective, 2 million gpd is the withdrawal required for 3 MW on once-through cooling or approximately 100 MW on wet cooling towers. Therefore, a 500-MW combined-cycle plant with one-third of its capacity (~170 MW) from the steam cycle that uses wet cooling towers would withdraw over 3 million gpd and would, therefore, be required to consider the Best Available Technology for water intake. In the support document issued as part of the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, EPA introduced dry cooling as one the “Alternative Regulatory Options” (EPA 2000). In summer 2000, New York State’s Department of Environmental Conservation required the use of dry cooling at the Athens Generating Station (a 1080-MW gas-fired plant) as the preferred Best Available Technology for “minimizing adverse environmental impact” of a cooling water intake structure (Cahill, 2000). Environmental Impacts 6-9PDF Image | Comparison of Alternate Cooling Technologies for California Power Plants Economic, Environmental and Other Tradeoffs
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