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Environmental Impacts Visual Resources An assessment of the visual impact of a project is required, including a description of the dimensions, color, and material of each major visible component. Specific reference is made to light, glare, and visible plumes. Of the several cooling systems, once-through cooling is the least visually intrusive, but is a likely system of choice only for coastal locations. Cooling towers are among the larger components at gas-fired, combined-cycle plants. Large hyperbolic natural draft towers, such as were used at the Rancho Seco Nuclear Plant, are the largest structures, but these are also unlikely choices for the cooling system sizes needed for the steam portion of a typical 500-MWe combined-cycle plant. Mechanical draft wet towers and dry towers are more generally comparable in overall configuration. Dry towers are larger, typically with a ground area or footprint twice that of a wet tower of the same capacity. They are also typically taller because of the large ground clearance needed to deliver air to the fans. However, in some cases, the absence of a large holding basin, which requires that wet towers be built on grade, can allow creative location of an air-cooled condenser. This was the case at Crockett, where the ACC is placed on top of the turbine building to accommodate a tight site and to blend into the site less obtrusively. On cold days, wet towers can produce a large visible plume as the warm saturated air leaving the tower mixes with the cold ambient air and the water vapor condenses. In some locations, these plumes may obscure visibility, creating dangerous conditions on roadways, or may lead to local icing on neighboring roads or structures. Obviously, a dry tower never produces a visible plume. Hybrid wet/dry towers are often designed specifically for plume abatement. In these designs, dry warm air from the dry portion of the tower, when mixed with the saturated air from the wet portion, results in an unsaturated mixture that will not lead to condensation of water vapor when mixed with ambient air. Public Health The most frequently cited public health issue in the context of cooling towers is the possibility of Legionnaire’s Disease, so-called because of an outbreak at an American Legion convention in Philadelphia in 1976, attributed to pathogens (Legionella pneumophilia) in the cooling tower for the HVAC system in the hotel. While the frequency of occurrence of Legionnaire’s Disease is small (approximately 1400 cases reported to the Center for Disease Control annually) and the number of these attributable to cooling towers (at power plants or anywhere else) is even fewer, the question has been investigated extensively in the U.S. and abroad. An extensive discussion of the transmission pathways, monitoring methods, and control procedures is given by DiFilippo (2001) in the context of the use of degraded or recycled water in wet cooling towers. More complete treatments are found in the CTI and ASHRAE literature and references therein. While the consequences of exposure can be very severe and even fatal—particularly to at-risk populations (elderly, smokers, individuals with chronic respiratory problems or with suppressed 6-8PDF Image | Comparison of Alternate Cooling Technologies for California Power Plants Economic, Environmental and Other Tradeoffs
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