PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 125
Environmental Impacts • Sometimes eliminating the auxiliary cooling load (in some systems, the auxiliary cooling is accomplished by adding cells to the ACC; in others, a separate fin-fan or evaporative cooler is used, in which case water consumption is still required). The hotel load remains essentially the same. Water for performance enhancement is unchanged by the choice of cooling system. If inlet air cooling is used on the ACC, the water consumption rate can be 25% of that for a full wet system during the period that the enhancement is required. On an annual basis, depending on the duration of the hot periods, it is typically a small fraction (1 to 5%) of the annual consumption of a wet cooling system (Kroeger, 1998). Hybrid System A hybrid system reduces the water requirements for steam condensation in proportion to the fraction of the load carried by the dry part of the system. If the hybrid system is used primarily for plume abatement, it operates as a wet system except for cold periods when plumes would form. During those times when the dry system is in use, it would typically carry 25% of the load with a corresponding 25% reduction in water use. However, on an annual basis, since the dry system operates only intermittently, the water consumption would be nearly the same—95 to 99% that of a conventional wet cooling system. Alternatively, a hybrid system intended for water conservation operates dry during the colder seasons, using water only when required to maintain plant efficiency and capacity during the hot periods when the dry system’s limitations become severe. The water savings relative to an all- wet system can vary widely depending on the economic criteria used in system selection and design. The unit at the 500-MW San Juan plant was designed to carry approximately 75% of the heat load on the wet portion at the highest-temperature conditions (Kroeger, 2000). On an annual basis, design studies estimate water savings ranging from 30 to 98% (Mitchell, 1989). Waste Management (Including Water Discharge) Wet cooling systems require the discharge of cooling tower blowdown. The SWRCB has adopted a State Implementation Policy for implementing the receiving water standards in EPA’s California Toxics Rule. Under the section on intake water credits, a facility that takes water from an impaired water body may discharge back to that water body if the concentration of the pollutants has not been increased. This offers relief to plants using once-through cooling; however, for plants that use cooling towers, blowdown treatment is required. This may also require consideration of the disposal of solid waste, such as basin sludge or water treatment system sludges from evaporation ponds, brine concentrators, side-stream softeners, or other blowdown reduction processes. A detailed discussion of the effects, regulations, and technological options for treatment or reduction of the impact in the case of wet cooling systems is given by (DiFilippo 2001) Obviously, dry systems eliminate blowdown discharge and waste disposal related to blowdown treatment. Hybrid systems reduce these effects in proportion to the fraction of the condensing load carried by the dry part of the system. The water and wastewater treatment and discharge 6-4PDF Image | Comparison of Alternate Cooling Technologies for California Power Plants Economic, Environmental and Other Tradeoffs
PDF Search Title:
Comparison of Alternate Cooling Technologies for California Power Plants Economic, Environmental and Other TradeoffsOriginal File Name Searched:
2002_07_09_500_02_079F.PDFDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |