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facilities are included as line items in the capital cost of cooling systems but are not major cost elements (see Section 5). Hazardous Materials The handling of hazardous materials is a worker safety issue, normally regulated under OSHA guidelines. For the operation of a wet cooling system, the most relevant concerns are over water treatment chemicals and waste streams. Chlorine and bromine compounds for biological fouling control are used and stored on site in large quantities. Scaling and fouling control operations involve specialty chemicals of a wide range of composition, as well as acids and bases (such as sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide, hydrated lime, etc.) for pH control. In comparison to many chemical and petrochemical plant operations, the chemicals used at power plants are not severe hazards and can be dealt with through routine hazardous operations (HAZOP) procedures, appropriate worker training, and reasonable plant design and maintenance. Hybrid towers require the same operations, materials, and precautions as do wet towers in proportionally reduced scales. Dry systems effectively eliminate major water treatment problems. However, this is not an issue of sufficient concern to affect the decision between cooling system types. Air Emissions Air-borne emissions from cooling towers are primarily associated with the drift and volatile compounds stripped from the water by the air flow. Drift consists of the small droplets entrained by the air passing through the tower as it flows past falling films or droplets of water. The smallest droplets are carried out of the tower with the air. Drift eliminators keep these losses to very low levels, typically less than 0.005% of the circulating water flow rate. For a tower on a 500-MWe combined-cycle plant, this corresponds to less than 5 gpm or approximately one-half the flow from a hand-held garden hose. However, even this small amount of discharge to the atmosphere invokes air quality control regulations. Federal Regulations Airborne emissions from cooling towers are regulated under the Clean Air Act, specifically the provisions of the National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPS). Listed pollutants under NESHAPS with relevance to wet cooling towers include asbestos (in the case of older towers using cement-asbestos [CAB] fill), chromium, zinc and zinc oxide, and the trihalomethanes. Title 40, Section 1, Part 63 (NESHAPS for Source Categories) Subpart Q (NESHAPS for Industrial Process Cooling Towers{IPCT}), Section 63.402 states: “No owner...shall use chromium-based water treatment chemicals in any affected IPCT.” Under Part 749, Water Treatment Chemicals; Subpart D, Air-Conditioning and Cooling Systems; §749.68, Hexavalent Chromium-based Water Treatment Chemicals in Cooling Systems, Environmental Impacts 6-5PDF Image | Comparison of Alternate Cooling Technologies for California Power Plants Economic, Environmental and Other Tradeoffs
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