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• Hazardous materials, • Air emissions, • Noise, • Visual resources, • Public health, • Biological impacts, and • Agriculture and soils. Water Resources As discussed in Sections 1 and 2, the primary consumptive use of water in gas-fired, combined- cycle power plants is in evaporative cooling towers for the condensation of turbine exhaust steam. Additional minor uses include the following: • Steam cycle make-up: This can vary considerably with the operating profile of the plant. Co- generation plants, for example, generate electricity and provide process steam to industrial partners. In some instances, condensate is not returned to the plant but rather disposed of in the industrial process or, if returned, is no longer usable due to contamination. • Auxiliary cooling load: In addition to turbine steam condensation, there are cooling loads in a power plant (e.g., oil cooling, generator hydrogen coolers) that typically amount to about 5% of the turbine condenser heat load. If this cooling is also provided with wet evaporative cooling, the evaporation losses are increased correspondingly. • Hotel load: This refers to plant service water, such as cleaning water, sanitary water, drinking water, and air-conditioning condenser loads. In some cases, modest amounts of water are used for plant performance enhancement: • Gas turbines: Some combined-cycle units use evaporative or spray cooling on the inlet air of the gas turbine units to maintain output on hot days. This consumption rate can range from 0.6 to 1.2 gpm/MW of gas turbine capacity during the periods when it is being used (Molis 1997). • ACC: While not commonly used, similar systems for cooling of the inlet air to the air-cooled condenser can maintain steam cycle capacity on hot days. The usage rates on the steam side would be higher than on the gas turbine side since the air flow per MW is higher, and might range from 2 to 6 gpm/MW of steam turbine capacity. Dry Cooling In comparison to recirculating wet cooling, a dry cooling system reduces the water consumption by 90 to 95% by • Eliminating the evaporative cooling tower for the turbine steam condensing load, and 6-3 Environmental ImpactsPDF Image | Comparison of Alternate Cooling Technologies for California Power Plants Economic, Environmental and Other Tradeoffs
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