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51707-IC-1-2005-1-CZ-ERASMUS-IPUC-3 Fig.1. Heat and cold thermal underground storage system [1] 4. ENERGY STORAGE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Many governments have committed to reduce CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. They have decided to strengthen their national efforts and the international co-operation for research and development (R&D) in the International Energy Agency (IEA) and to increase the deployment of energy conservation technologies and utilization of renewable energy sources. So far in most industrialized countries, renewable energy sources contribute only marginally to satisfy energy demand. Energy storage technologies can help to solve problems caused by the intermittent energy supply of these sources. There is a huge potential for the application of energy storage systems. The fact that energy storage systems are not as widely used as they could, is due to several reasons, in particular because most new storage systems are not yet economically competitive with fossil fuels and their long term reliability and performance is not yet proven. There are still some regulatory and market barriers which have to be overcome. Therefore, further attempts are being made to resolve these issues. In the future more application oriented topics like thermal energy storage for cooling and industrial processes or mobile thermal storage systems for the utilization of waste heat will be investigated. The issue of implementation and deployment of new energy storage technologies has become a higher priority of the R&D [1]. 5. THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Thermal energy can be stored in different ways given by the thermodynamics of the storage process. If a storage medium is heated up or cooled down the storage is called sensible. Well known storage technologies are hot or chilled water tanks. The phase change of the medium (e.g. ice-water) requires large amounts of energy without any temperature change; therefore it is called latent heat. These latent thermal storages can provide higher storage capacities compared to sensible heat stores at a constant discharging temperature. One example is ice storage for cooling. Energy can also be stored in reversible chemical reactions. The storage can achieve even higher capacities and is able to deliver thermal energy at different discharging temperatures dependent on the thermo-chemical reaction. An extensively studied reaction for thermal energy storage is the adsorption of water vapour on microporous materials e.g. Zeolites and Silicagel. The microporous adsorbers have a huge inner surface and can adsorb large amounts of water [1]. 5.1 Thermal energy storage in water tanks and underground TES The use of hot water tanks is one of the best known thermal energy storage (TES) technologies. The hot water tank serves the purpose of energy saving when e.g. applied to a solar tap water system and an energy supply system with cogeneration. One major aim of an electrically heated hot water tank in a tap water system is 25PDF Image | ACCUMULATION OF THERMAL ENERGY
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