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51707-IC-1-2005-1-CZ-ERASMUS-IPUC-3 to shave the peak in electricity demand. Further R&D efforts are devoted to reduce the specific storage costs which at present are still too high for many applications of energy conservation and utilization of solar energy. The most frequently used storage technology of heat and cold is underground thermal energy storage (UTES). The aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES) uses natural water saturated and permeable underground layer as a storage medium. The transfer of thermal energy is realized by extracting groundwater from the aquifer and by re-injecting it at the modified temperature level at a separate well nearby. Low temperature heating and high temperature cooling with groundwater fits very well with new concepts of large surface area heating and cooling in walls and at the ceilings (so called low energy heating and cooling systems). Most applications are about the storage of winter cold to be used for the cooling of large office buildings and industrial processes. It can easily be explained that aquifer cold storage is gaining more and more interest: Savings on electricity bills for coolers are approx. 75 %, and in many cases, the payback time for additional investments is shorter than five years. A major condition for the application of this technology is the availability of a suitable geologic formation. Other technologies for underground thermal energy storage are borehole storage, cavern storage and pit storage. Which of these technologies is selected, strongly depends on the local (hydro)-geologic site conditions. With borehole storage, vertical heat exchangers are inserted into the underground, which ensure the transfer of thermal energy towards and from the ground (clay, sand, rock, etc.). Many projects are about the storage of solar heat in summer for space heating of houses or offices. Ground heat exchangers are also frequently used in combination with geothermal heat pumps, where the ground heat exchanger extracts low-temperature heat from the soil [1]. 5.2 Phase change materials and chemical reactions Sensible heat energy storage has the advantage of being relatively cheap but the energy density is low and there is a variable discharging temperature. To overcome those disadvantages phase change materials (PCM’s) could be used for thermal energy storage. The phase change could be a solid/liquid or a liquid/gas process. 33 Melting processes have energy densities in the order of 100 kWh/m , e.g. ice, compared to 50 kWh/m for sensible heat storage of a temperature change of 50 °C, which is common of hot water stores. The incorporation of micro-encapsulated PCM materials such as paraffin wax into the gypsum walls or plaster increases considerably the thermal mass and capacity of lightweight buildings. By night the PCM in the microcapsules cools and solidifies. During the day the cool walls, reducing the daily temperature swing by several degrees, and thereby avoiding the need for electric chillers or, at a minimum, reducing the cooling requirements. Another application of active cooling systems is macro-encapsulated salts that melt at an appropriate temperature. Higher energy densities can be achieved by the utilization of chemical reactions for thermal energy storage. 3 Energy densities in the order of 300 kWh/m are possible. Thermochemical reactions like adsorption (the adhesion of a substance to the surface of another solid or liquid) of water vapor to Silicagel or Zeolites (micro- porous crystalline alumo-silicates) can be used to generate heat and cold as well as to regulate humidity. Of special importance in hot, humid climates or confined spaces where humidity levels are high, these open sorption systems use lithium chloride to cool water and Zeolites to absorb ambient humidity. The researchers have found a way to integrate the temperature-equalizing effect of thick walls within a millimeters-thin layer of plaster. The secret is that the material contains micro-encapsulated paraffin. This wax- like additive stores heat and greatly improves the thermal capacity of decorative plaster and dry-wall construction panels. Thanks to the tiny wax-filled balls, a mere six-millimeter thick facing can store just as much heat as a massive brick wall. This enables lightweight walls to provide just as much thermal comfort as a solid wall. The researchers developed the new material by taking advantage of the special characteristics of paraffin. When the long-chain hydrocarbons heat up, the temperature of the paraffin barely increases at first. The energy 26PDF Image | ACCUMULATION OF THERMAL ENERGY
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