PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 061
Energies 2021, 14, 6805 61 of 72 References environmentally sustainable processes at scale that can serve as a foundation for the lithium-dependent low-carbon economy. For many technologies, laboratory studies can no longer address major questions concerning the development of direct lithium extraction processes, and more expensive and risky field studies at larger scales, using actual brines, are needed to advance commercial-scale geothermal lithium resource extraction. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, W.T.S. and P.F.D.; methodology, W.T.S. and P.F.D.; formal analysis, W.T.S.; investigation, W.T.S. and P.F.D.; resources, W.T.S. and P.F.D.; data curation, W.T.S. and P.F.D.; writing—original draft preparation, W.T.S.; writing—review and editing, W.T.S. and P.F.D.; visualization, W.T.S. and P.F.D.; supervision, P.F.D.; project administration, P.F.D.; funding acquisition, P.F.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This study was funded by the US Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Office of Technology Development, Geothermal Technologies Office, under Award Number DE-AC02-05CH11231 with LBNL. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: This study is a review of previous studies, and citations to all of the studies discussed in this paper are provided. Acknowledgments: This work is supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Energy Effi- ciency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Office of Technology Development, Geothermal Technologies Office, under Award Number DE-AC02-05CH11231 with LBNL. We thank William Bourcier and Jeff Winick for their helpful comments of an early draft of this review. We thank Ji Yeon Lee and Jeremy Domen for their research and technical assistance on this project. We also thank Helen Prieto for her careful editing and formatting of the manuscript. We thank the three anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments that have improved this paper. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. 1. American Physical Society, Materials Research Society. Energy Critical Elements: Securing Materials for Emerging Technologies. 2011. Available online: https://www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/energy-critical.cfm (accessed on 20 June 2020). 2. Grosjean, C.; Miranda, P.H.; Perrin, M.; Poggi, P. Assessment of world lithium resources and consequences of their geographic distribution on the expected development of the electric vehicle industry. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2012, 16, 1735–1744. [CrossRef] 3. Ambrose, H.; Kendall, A. Understanding the future of lithium: Part 1, resource model. J. Ind. Ecol. 2020, 24, 80–89. [CrossRef] 4. Bradley, D.C.; Stillings, L.L.; Jaskula, B.W.; Munk, L.; McCauley, A.D. Lithium, Chapter K of Critical Mineral Resources of the United States—Economic and Environmental Geology and Prospects for Future Supply, Professional Paper 1802–K. In Critical Mineral Resources of the United States—Economic and Environmental Geology and Prospects for Future Supply; Schulz, K.J., DeYoung, J.H., Jr., Seal., R.R., II, Bradley, D.C., Eds.; US Department of the Interior, US Geological Survey: Reston, VA, USA, 2017. 5. Albemarle Corporation. Lithium Resources. 2020. Available online: https://www.albemarle.com/businesses/lithium/resources --recycling/lithium-resources (accessed on 2 December 2020). 6. US Department of the Interior. Final List of Critical Minerals 2018. 83 Federal Register. 2018; p. 23295. Available online: https: //www.federalregister.gov/documents/2018/05/18/2018-10667/final-list-of-critical-minerals-2018 (accessed on 15 June 2020). 7. Trump, D.J. Executive Order on Addressing the Threat to the Domestic Supply Chain from Reliance on Critical Minerals from Foreign Adversaries. Executive Order 2020, p. 13817. Available online: https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-acti ons/executive-order-addressing-threat-domestic-supply-chain-reliance-critical-minerals-foreign-adversaries/ (accessed on 15 June 2020). 8. US Department of Energy. Critical Minerals and Materials: US Department of Energy’s Strategy to Support Domestic Critical Mineral and Material Supply Chains; FY 2021-F Y2031; US Department of Energy: Washington, DC, USA, 2021. 9. Munk, L.; Hynek, S.; Bradley, D.C.; Boutt, D.; Labay, K.A.; Jochens, H. Chapter 14: Lithium brines: A global perspective. Rev. Econ. Geol. 2016, 18, 339–365. 10. Tadesse, B.; Makuei, F.; Albijanic, B.; Dyer, L. The beneficiation of lithium minerals from hard rock ores: A review. Miner. Eng. 2019, 131, 170–184. [CrossRef] 11. Meng, F.; McNeice, J.; Zadeh, S.S.; Ghahreman, A. Review of Lithium Production and Recovery from Minerals, Brines, and Lithium-Ion Batteries. Miner. Process. Extr. Met. Rev. 2019, 42, 123–141. [CrossRef] 12. US Geological Survey. Mineral Commodities Summary 2021; U.S. Geological Survey: Reston, VA, USA, 2021.PDF Image | Recovery of Lithium from Geothermal Brines
PDF Search Title:
Recovery of Lithium from Geothermal BrinesOriginal File Name Searched:
energies-14-06805-v2.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)