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Membranes 2022, 12, 373 22 of 29 trioctylphosphine oxide as the carrier and cellulose triacetate as the base polymer exhibited high selectivity of Li(I) over Na(I) and K(I) with a separation factor of 54.25 and 50.60, respectively [170]. These liquid membranes combine the benefits of both solvent extraction and mem- brane technologies as well as low energy consumption and low waste discharge. However, the liquid membrane typically has low stability and faces some scaling up challenges. Membrane technologies are considered novel methods for aqueous phase lithium recovery and have been widely studied in the recent decade. However, only a few processes, such as NF and membrane distillation crystallization, have been applied at an industrial scale. Though membrane technologies have been facing some drawbacks such as membrane fouling, defects and industrial scaling-up challenges, they provide great solutions for highly efficient and environmentally friendly lithium recovery from the liquid phase. 5. Conclusions and Future Outlook Lithium has quickly gained the status of being the vital building block of greener energy storage systems in the recent decade [110]. Lithium utilization in lithium batteries (LIBs), electric car batteries, energy storage grid systems, and related industrial manufac- turing processes has grown exponentially over the past few years, causing major concern for the global community in terms of its prompt availability. However, the conventional technologies available for lithium extraction are either energy-intensive or time-consuming. Additionally, the extensive chemical usage makes these processes environmentally un- friendly. As a result, the development of new Li extraction methods as well as the evolution of old technologies is gaining tremendous attention worldwide. As discussed in this re- view, membrane technologies have successfully been attempted for lithium extraction and recycling from seawater brines and LIBs, respectively. Lithium harvesting using nanos- tructured membranes have the advantages of low operational cost, excellent separation efficiency, selectivity, and permeability. Furthermore, membranes result in a more environ- mentally friendly separation procedure. Despite these benefits, membrane technologies have succumbed to their own disadvantages. Among the disadvantages of membrane technologies are membrane fouling, membrane lifetime, and challenges for scaling up oper- ations. Furthermore, stability has proven a great challenge, requiring future development in order to overcome poor hydro and chemical stability of membranes. Researchers are working to thoroughly address the shortcomings of these novel membrane technologies in improving its structural stability and industrial scalability. Furthermore, the optimization of existing processes and designing new membranes with improved selectivity and stability has gained much attention. The incorporation of nanofillers such as MOF materials that have tuneable framework architecture and chemical tunability can be further explored as they provide rich opportunities for creating an internal continuous ion-transport channel. To improve lithium selectivity, a thorough understanding of the extraction mechanism through model development is required. Further, the interaction of lithium ions with different membrane support materials must be investigated. Relevant models must also be developed to visualize the internal pore structures of different membrane supports and incorporate the lithium-ion diffusion characteristics to help and improve the lithium permeability. The dynamic membrane fouling behaviour should be investigated and suitable anti-fouling agents must be designed to prevent fouling in a continuous operation. Different structural modules can be generated to improve the process scalability while maintaining process optimization. In this work, we reviewed and compared methodologies developed recently for lithium extraction and recycling from the most abundant primary and secondary lithium resources (continental bines and LIBs), and also shared our prospects of using membrane technology as a promising alternative to replace conventional methods.PDF Image | Lithium Harvesting using Membranes
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)