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Membranes 2022, 12, 373 21 of 29 Lithium Extraction Technologies Pyro-metallurgy Hydro-metallurgy Bio-metallurgy Membranes its inorganic chlorides. In a later phase, these lithium and cobalt chlorides were leached out using water at an overall recovery efficiency of 100% and 90%, respectively. In a similar study reported by Wang et al., zero-valent Fe was added as a third component inside the ball mill along with PVC and LiCoO2. Their research achieved a Li and organic Cl recovery up to 100% and 96.4%, respectively [166]. Maschler et al. reported a hybrid process for efficient recovery of both lithium and cobalt by incorporating pyro- and hydro- metallurgy with a mechanical pre-treatment process [40]. Whereas Gupta et al. introduced a ‘chemical extraction technique’ that utilized the oxidizing properties of –Cl2, I2, and Br2 for fast lithium recovery from LiCoO2, although this method requires harsher recycling conditions [167]. Overall, conventional techniques for extracting lithium from lithium-ion batteries have many advantages. Despite this, such techniques have exhibited disadvantages such as high energy consumption, large waste production and excessive operational requirements (Table 1). Overcoming these challenges and achieving equivalent purity is crucial for future research in this field, with some research previously investigated regarding membrane technologies (Table 3). Table 3. A comparison of the process efficiency and percentage lithium recovery in lithium ion battery based extractions. Process Efficiency >95 >90 >95 >90 4.2. Membrane Processes Percentage Lithium Removal 85–96 90–99.7 ~98 80–99.99 References [109,136–138] [139–160] [161,162] [168–172] Supported liquid membranes (SLM) have been studied for liquid-phase metal ion extraction/separation [168,169]. It has been considered as an alternative to conventional solvent extraction due to its advantages such as operational simplicity, low solvent demand, low energy consumption, zero effluent discharge and high selectivity [169]. Furthermore, the process is considered “green” as few chemicals are involved. In contrast with the traditional solvent extraction method, it requires much less organic solvent solely as a molecule carrier. Swain et al. studied the separation factor of Co(II) and Li(I) from dilute aqueous sulphate media using SLM, a hydrophobic PVDF membrane with 0.45 μm pore size was used as the solid support [169]. The liquid phase was a mixture of Cyanex 272 and DP-8R, which acted as mobile carriers. Parameters such as pH, extractant concentration, feed concentration and stirring speed were studied. The group found optimal performance was achieved at pH = 5, a mixture of Cyanex 272 and DP-8R at a concentration of 750 mol m−3 and 350 rpm stirring speed. The resultant conditions allowed for a separation factor of Co(II)/Li(I) = 497:1. Using similar conditions, hollow fibre (HF) supported liquid membranes can be combined with non-dispersive solvent extraction (NDSX). The best condition for separation using this technique was achieved in aqueous feed at pH 6 and 750 mol m−3 of Cyanex 272 in the membrane. Complete separation of Co(II) and Li(I) with a 99.99% purity was achieved using the HF supported liquid membrane process with Cyanex 272 as an extractant [170]. Recently, a novel type of liquid membrane—polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) has attracted much attention due to its obvious advantages such as smaller quantities of the extractant and reduced environmental impact. PIMs have also been found to maintain high selectivity and separation efficiency compared with solvent extraction [171]. Further studies suggest that Co(II) ions were effectively removed from the source phase through the PIM containing 32 wt.% Triisooctylamine, 22 wt.% cellulose triacetate and 46 wt.% o-nitrophenyl octyl ether, with deionized water as the receiving phase [172]. Other PIM systems containing both thenoyltrifluoroacetone andPDF Image | Lithium Harvesting using Membranes
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)