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lithium separation factors <1, indicating the need to remove Ca++ and Mg++ prior to lithium extraction with the tested metal-ion polymers. In packed-bed experiments, Li+ uptake through three 45°C cycles and two 75°C cycles showed a stable, average uptake of 0.92 mg Li/g sorbent. With respect to lithium extraction, Ventura et al. (2016) found that the sorbent selectivity and capacity needed to be increased, especially for use with higher salinity brines like those at the Salton Sea KGRA. Building on the work of Ventura et al. (2016), Ventura et al. (2018, 2020) focused on improving sorbent characteristics for lithium extraction with a novel nanocomposite sorbent made of hydrated manganese oxide lithium-ion sieve nanoparticles and lithium-imprinted polymer formed into beads, which were tested in column experiments with brines containing high concentrations of alkali and alkaline earth metals. Lithium capacity and selectivity were improved from earlier sorbent designs, with capacities as high as 16.2 mg Li/g sorbent and high separation coefficients with Na+, K+, Ca++, and Mg++. Tested against a synthetic brine with Li, Na, K, and Ca at Salton Sea concentrations (377 mg/L Li, 57,777 mg/L of Na, 14,448 mg/L of K, and 26,766 mg/L of Ca), sorbent lithium capacity was up to 11 mg Li/g sorbent and similarly displayed high separation coefficients. In the final phase of their research, Ventura et al. (2020) further refined sorbent composition and the lithium extraction process and proved their efficacy with a Salton Sea geothermal brine in a 100-h, ~635 cm3/h, packed-bed, experiment that recovered 90% of lithium from the brine with multiple sorbent regeneration cycles. Prior to the experiment, the brine was pre-treated with addition of NaOH to raise the pH to 8–9, after which a precipitate was removed from the brine via precipitation. The precipitate was analyzed by X- ray diffraction and found to contain aluminum, manganese, iron, zinc, and small amounts of magnesium and calcium, while the treated brine contained 319 mg/L Li, 77,173 mg/L Na, 27,409 mg/L K, 42,831 mg/L Ca, and 694 mg/L Sr. Additionally, a sorbent regeneration process was developed using carbon dioxide to concentrate lithium bicarbonate that is readily converted to high purity lithium carbonate. A range of temperatures and CO2 pressures were tested to optimize desorption of lithium from the sorbent. An alternative to HCl for sorbent regeneration was deemed important to minimize deleterious effects on the hydrated manganese oxide due to Mn solubility in HCl. They noted that next steps required scaling up the process, longer duration testing to assess sorbent durability, and evaluation of specific location and operation conditions that might require additional pre-treatment of geothermal brine before lithium extraction. Based on bench-scale experimental results, Ventura et al. (2020) estimate a production cost of $3,845/mt Li2CO3 using their sorbents and extraction process based on a 50-MW Salton Sea power plant with 6,000 gpm throughput and 400 mg/kg Li in brine. A.3 Southern Research, Novus Energy Technologies, Carus Corporation, and Applied Membrane Technology Inc. DOE funding supported a consortium of companies that combined expertise in various components of a system to extract lithium from geothermal brine. Renew and Hansen (2017) report results of the project that investigated a modular technology approach with components focused on silica removal, nanofiltration, membrane distillation, Mn-oxide sorbent for lithium recovery, and thermo-electric generation. Notably, the synthetic brines studied have significantly lower concentrations than Salton Sea brines with respect to all reported species. A process schematic is shown in Figure A-1. 32 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications.PDF Image | Lithium Extraction from Geothermal Brines
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |