PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 029
Minerals 2020, 10, 284 29 of 34 The lithium concentrations in the sediments of all three playas are relatively low compared to Li in the brine. As with the brine, average Li concentrations in the sediment decrease from BDL to DDL, although some of the highest values in individual samples occur in DDL (Figure 11). Micas are present in all basins and although dissolution of Li from lepidolite micas is a possible source, it would likely be uniform across all the basins. Tephra layers are another possible local source of Li and are found mostly in BDL sediments, but only 10 beds possibly exist in 500 m of sediment analyzed by [26,28,61] and most beds are less than 10 cm thick. In addition, tephrochronology measurements of the grains were performed on 11 tephra units to obtain ages for the tephras. With the exception of two samples, glass was unweathered [26]. Therefore, the release of Li from tephras within the basin is not likely to provide the bulk of the Li to the brine. However, Miocene volcanic rocks ring each basin and may provide a source. If Li was coming from a deep geothermal source, Li concentrations might be greater within the deep sediment column. This does not appear to be the case (Figure 11), as BDL concentrations are relatively similar throughout the sediment column, CDL Li concentrations in the sediment are higher at the top of the sediment column, and DDL concentrations are variable, with a concentrated layer at the top of one core and another near the bottom of the other core. The sediment concentrations do not necessarily point to a geothermal source, but if brines are circulating, the source of the Li in the sediment may be difficult to determine. The ratios of the concentrations of major ions in the sediment samples at BDL are similar to the brine composition, and there are no geothermal tracers that appear elevated in the sediment data, although B and F were not analyzed (Table 2). However, in DDL, the lack of Li in the brine compared to the sediment concentrations, which are similar to BDL and CDL sediment concentrations, suggests that if the source was an ancient geothermal fluid, the remnant ions of this fluid have left the basin because of the openness of the basin, compared to BDL and CDL, which are more closed. 5.4. Origin of Calcium and Lithium Calcium and Li concentrations are well correlated in the BDL and CDL brines, but not in the few brine samples from DDL. Although there are very few analyses or detections of lithium in alluvial fan waters, those that exist appear to correlate with Ca (Figure 9C, inset). The ratio of Li to Ca in the brines is slightly higher in the brines than in the alluvial fan water, but given the difficulties of measuring saline water, the ratios are similar, suggesting that water in the alluvial fans could be a source of Li. The reason that only some alluvial fan wells have milliequivalents Ca:HCO3 ratios greater than one is not clear, but there are several possible explanations: (1) there have simply been too few wells sampled in the alluvial fans to get an accurate picture of the overall composition of the alluvial fan water in the basins. This is particularly true of the south side of the playas, where there are no data. (2) The free circulation of BDL playa water back to the edge of the basin has provided the Ca from the playa center and mixed with the fresh water. However, this is unlikely to be true for CDL or DDL, where free circulation has not likely occurred. (3) Ion exchange reactions are occurring in the soil that releases Ca from non-carbonate minerals (i.e., clays and feldspars) without releasing HCO3. (4) There is a dilute deep source of geothermal water that mixes with cool alluvial fan water along faults at the edge of the basin or in the mountains. This water would have to either cool or occur in a small enough volume to not heat the shallow alluvial groundwater. Although it is not clear whether the high Ca water is coming from dilute deeply circulating fluids rising from faults or from ionic exchange reactions from rock weathering, it is clear that a previous study [9] suggesting that all the alluvial fan water flowing to Bristol and Cadiz playas has milliequivalent Ca:HCO3 ratios <1 is not accurate. If the alluvial fans did not provide groundwater to the playas, then the formation of groundwater-derived gypsum on the playa margin [23] could not occur. Some alluvial fan wells near the playa margin (wells 92, 93, 94, 118; Figure 3) have high Ca and SO4 concentrations and low HCO3 concentrations, indicating that water has not become saturated with gypsum. This type of water is only found near the playa margin andPDF Image | Bristol Dry Lake Brine Compared to Brines from Cadiz
PDF Search Title:
Bristol Dry Lake Brine Compared to Brines from CadizOriginal File Name Searched:
minerals-10-00284-v2.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)