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Minerals 2020, 10, 284 30 of 34 indicates that flow must move towards the playa where no HCO3 and SO4 remain due to calcite and gypsum precipitation. 6. Conclusions The evidence for local sources or deep geothermal sources is not simple to unravel. While there are abundant volcanic rocks in all three basins (although somewhat less in Danby) that could provide lithium to the playas, and dissolution of feldspars or other rocks that could provide Ca, the inconsistency between Danby (low Li and Ca) and Cadiz and Bristol (high Li and Ca) make local sources difficult to establish. Given that the basins are >5 million years old, there is sufficient time for weathering to occur. No recent geothermal sources are present in the basins other than ~79,000-year-old Amboy Crater. The brines in all basins are relatively homogenous, indicating mixing within each basin, likely driven by density, and so there is no indication of higher concentrations at deep depths. However, Mg–Li geochronometers indicate that heating in Bristol and Cadiz Basins has occurred at some point, likely more than 3.5 million years ago. Given that there is more consistency in the argument for a geothermal source, it appears that the source of lithium and calcium to Bristol and Cadiz playas likely comes from ancient geothermal sources that are at least 3.5 million years old. This conclusion is based on the consistency of Ca and Li concentrations regardless of the TDS concentrations of the solution and the fact that Danby playa, which is similar in watershed lithologies, age of the basin, and TDS concentrations, has low Li and Ca concentrations. Salton Sea-type geothermal fluids have been invoked by [9] as the source of the Ca and Li to the Bristol Trough brines, but the overall fluid composition of Salton Sea thermal fluids is different from the chemistry of the Bristol and Cadiz brines, especially with respect to K and Mg. Either the geothermal fluid source to the Bristol Trough has a different composition than the Salton Sea fluid, or mineral reactions have removed potassium and magnesium from the brine center. Because the clay minerals in Bristol Trough playa sediments indicate that no diagenetic reactions have occurred in the clays, it is more likely that the source geothermal fluid had a different composition. Lithium concentrations in playa sediments in all three basins are relatively low compared to brine concentrations and do not necessarily indicate a deep geothermal fluid is the source for lithium in the sediments because the lithium concentrations do not show any consistent concentration gradients from deep to shallow sediment. Bristol Dry Lake is the only completely hydrologically closed basin of the three playas in the Bristol Trough. Evidence for this comes from the abundance of halite precipitated in the sediments of BDL and the lack of halite precipitation in the sediment column in Cadiz and Danby playas, the gradient of lower concentrations of TDS, Ca, and Li concentrations from Bristol to Danby playas, and the presence of a deep relatively freshwater aquifer below Danby playa. Cadiz Dry Lake is likely “more closed” than Danby Dry Lake. Cadiz groundwater (and some surface water) likely flows to Bristol Dry Lake intermittently, and Danby Dry Lake groundwater likely flows out of the basin to the south and east. In BDL and CDL, the decrease in sulfate concentrations from the alluvial fans to basin-center brines indicates that groundwater from the alluvial fans does flow slowly (over thousands of years) to the playas in these basins, contrary to the hypothesis that alluvial fans only discharge at the playa margin and there is no connection between basin-center brines and alluvial fan water. There are still some inconsistencies in the hydrology and chemistry of these playas and more hydrologic studies are needed on the margins of these playas, particularly on the southern margins, to better understand the source, flow paths, and concentration mechanisms of lithium and calcium in these playas. Author Contributions: For research articles with several authors, a short paragraph specifying their individual contributions must be provided. The following statements should be used Conceptualization, M.R.R.; methodology, M.R.R., T.K., and K.C.; software, M.R.R.; validation, M.R.R. and T.K.; formal analysis, M.R.R., T.K., L.L.S. and K.C.; investigation, M.R.R., L.L.S., T.K., K.C., M.V., and R.S.; resources, M.V. and R.S.; data curation, M.R.R., T.K., M.V.; writing—original draft preparation, M.R.R.; writing—review and editing, M.R.R., L.L.S., T.K., K.C., M.V., and R.S.; visualization, M.R.R.; project administration, L.L.S. M.R.R.; funding acquisition, L.L.S., M.R.R. All authorsPDF Image | Bristol Dry Lake Brine Compared to Brines from Cadiz
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