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Minerals 2020, 10, 284 28 of 34 (or both). The difference in chemistry between DDL and CDL/BDL indicates that these basins are not connected and the source of ions for the DDL brine is different. The difference is either caused by differences in the surrounding rocks that contribute different ions to the brines in each basin, or by different water sources, such as geothermal water, that have contributed to the DDL brine. The lack of data at DDL makes it difficult to evaluate these possibilities. The presence of a slightly brackish groundwater below the DDL playa indicates that the playa may be open to the southeast and may never reach the same salinity as BDL or CDL. However, DDL is still a very saline brine, and so the openness of this playa is relatively small. It is not possible to calculate the openness of the basin without more data on groundwater flow rates and chemistry in unsampled parts of the basin, and the construction of a basin groundwater flow model. 5.3. Chemistry of Playa Sediments Droste [70] analyzed clay samples from all the playas in the Bristol Trough (except Alkali Dry Lake) from deep cores drill in the 1950s and from data reported in [34]. The mineralogy of all three playas was similar, consisting mostly of montmorillinite (smectite)/illite clay mixtures with minor amounts of chlorite and kaolinite at all depths. He concluded that because of the similarity of composition and mineral assemblage at all depths and all playas, that the bulk of the sediment was derived from detrital material and that limited reactions had occurred in the clays even at depth. Rosen [26] analyzed 10 clay samples from BDL, in cores collected in the 1980s by Southern California Edison and found that these cores (drilled to >500 m and deeper than the cores analyzed by [70]), also showed little evidence of change in the mineralogical composition. Rosen [26] independently concluded that the clays were likely of detrital origin due to their similarity with depth. The new samples taken from the Standard Lithium cores confirm these previous studies and show that in general the mineralogy of the clays have not changed due to chemical reaction to depths of 500 m. Scanning electron microscope images of the samples show ragged edges on clay and mica grains further indicating that fine-grained material in the cores is mostly detrital (Figure 12). However, sorption reactions could be possible in the clays, and other mineral reactions could have occurred in non-clay portions of the sediment (feldspars, micas, and other accessory minerals). Minerals 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 29 of 34 Figure 12. Scanning electron microscope image of Sample DH-2, 16 m in depth. The image is mostly Figure 12. Scanning electron microscope image of Sample DH-2, 16 m in depth. The image is mostly of of clays and micas (larger grains). Notice the ragged edges of almost all grains, indicating weathering clays and micas (larger grains). Notice the ragged edges of almost all grains, indicating weathering and and transport and little, if any, diagenetic growth of minerals. transport and little, if any, diagenetic growth of minerals. 5.4. Origin of Calcium and Lithium Calcium and Li concentrations are well correlated in the BDL and CDL brines, but not in the few brine samples from DDL. Although there are very few analyses or detections of lithium in alluvial fan waters, those that exist appear to correlate with Ca (Figure 9C, inset). The ratio of Li to Ca in the brines is slightly higher in the brines than in the alluvial fan water, but given the difficulties ofPDF Image | Bristol Dry Lake Brine Compared to Brines from Cadiz
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