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Minerals 2020, 10, 284 16 of 34 200.7 for major cations (Na, Ca, Mg. K) and trace elements (Sr, Si, B, Fe, and Mn) and an autotitrator for alkalinity analyses. Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) field samples were collected at 10% frequency. Each QA/QC set included field duplicates, field blanks, and internal standards, and were submitted to both laboratories. Field blanks consisted of distilled water sourced from local vendors. An internal standard was established at the beginning of the exploration program in order to provide a consistent chemical matrix to test laboratory dilution procedures. It was collected from a shallow pit dug in the playa that recharged with brine. At the time of digging, pit brine chemistry was thought to be representative of the playa brine aquifer, and so a bulk sample was collected in a 55 gallon drum, to be used as the internal standard throughout the exploration program. No new lithium data from the brines at BDL and CDL are available at present, but a few previously unpublished historic Li concentrations from the alluvial fans are available from the CADWR data. No new data are available for DDL brines, partly because the brine is not of economic interest for lithium, and partly because there are very few wells in the area. However, a few historic analyses of wells located in the alluvial fans in the Danby basin have been found in the CADWR database [12] and are presented here. Most wells and chemical analyses are from the northern side of all three basins, mostly because there is more road access to the north. Although different sampling and chemical methods were used for analysis over time, and different detection limits and reporting values apply to the various laboratories, it can be seen from comparison of the various analyses that the concentrations are, in general, similar over time. There is no way to correct historical analyses, if they are indeed different than more recent analyses. However, for the purposes of these analyses for any method biases, but given the high concentrations for the most part, these biases would be small. It is felt that comparison between the different analyses conducted by different laboratories is useful and the quality control that can be done, allows comparison of the new and historic data. 3.4. Geothermometry Determination of the maximum temperature that the groundwater has been subjected to in the basins was performed using the equilibrium Na–K geothermometer [52] and the empirical Li and Mg geothermometer [53]. The Na–K calculated reservoir temperatures below 150 ◦C are not reliable and so this method is mostly a check on the higher temperatures determined. For sedimentary basins, the Li–Mg empirical method gives more reasonable results at lower temperatures than the Na-K method [54]. 3.5. X-ray Diffraction on Bulk Sediment and Clay Minerals Initial qualitative screening of 10 BDL sediment samples and one duplicate from various depths revealed significant evaporite content in each of the dried samples. Salts included halite, gypsum, and anhydrite. We attempted to eliminate salts while preparing for quantitative analysis by washing approximately 4 g of each sample in approximately 40 mL of deionized water twice. Solids then were recovered via centrifugation at 2000 rpm for 10 min, and dried. Samples were prepared for quantitative X-ray diffraction (XRD) using a modified method based on [55]. One gram of homogenized sample was mixed with 20% corundum and ground in a McCrone micronizing mill with 4 mL ethanol for 5 min, generating particle sizes on the order of 10–30 μm. After drying at 60 ◦C, the mixture was transferred to a plastic scintillation vial with three acrylic balls (approximately 1 cm in diameter) along with 200–800 μL Vertrel® solution (Dupont) and shaken for 10 min. The powder was passed through a 250 μm sieve to break up larger aggregates and loaded onto an XRD sample holder. Samples were analyzed using a Siemens D500 X-ray diffractometer from 5 to 65 degrees two theta using Cu Kα X-ray radiation, with a step size of 0.02 degrees and a dwell time of 2 s per step.PDF Image | Bristol Dry Lake Brine Compared to Brines from Cadiz
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