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Minerals 2020, 10, 284 17 of 34 Mineralogical composition was determined using the quantitative mineralogy software RockJock (version 11, U.S. Geological Survey, Boulder, CO, USA) [55]. The software uses a linear combination model and a library of standard mineral diffractograms in MS Excel to calculate the relative abundance of each mineral. Generally, the precision of this method is +/−5%, although this value depends upon the sample composition. Clay Treatments The <2 μm fractions of the sediment samples were isolated from 2 samples to perform heat and chemical treatments for qualitative identification of the clay mineralogy. Each sample was ground in a McCrone micronizing mill with 10–20 mL DI water for 5 min and transferred to a 50 mL centrifuge tube. Next, the suspended samples were centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 5 min, which settles the larger minerals to the bottom of the tube and leaves the <2 μm fraction in suspension. This step was repeated twice. Aliquots of the clay suspensions were transferred to silicon wafers (for air dried and unheated, ethylene glycol-treated samples) and glass wafers (for heat treated samples). Depositing thin films of suspended clays naturally orient during the drying process, which produces more pronounced 001 reflections in the diffractograms. Samples were saturated with ethylene glycol by placing them upon the upper tier of a desiccator containing ethylene glycol in the bottom. The desiccator was sealed and placed in a 60 ◦C oven for at least 8 h before loading the samples for XRD analysis. Additional clay identification was performed by heat treatment of the glycolated oriented sample by bringing the sample to 500 ◦C for 90 min. The heat-treated samples were then re-glycolated as described above. XRD analysis was performed in between each treatment. Raw X-ray data and metadata are available in [56]. 3.6. Bulk Sediment Chemistry Ten bulk sediment samples from different depths in BDL were collected from cuttings of wells DH 2, DH-5, DH5A, DH-6 and DH-6A, and analyzed at AGAT Lab in Mississauga, ON, Canada. A weighed sample was digested in a Teflon® vessel with hot hydrochloric, nitric, hydrofluoric and perchloric acids then filtered. Residual salts were dissolved in aqua regia and diluted. Samples were then analyzed by ICP-OES and ICP-MS ICP-MS ELAN® DRC II (Perkin Elmer, Shelton, CT, USA) for 49 elements reported in Table 2 and in [10]. Table 2. Selected major and trace element chemistry of bulk sediment samples from Bristol Dry Lake (complete analyses can be found in [12]. Core DH-2 DH-2 DH-2 DH-5 DH-5 DH-5 DH-5A DH-6A DH-6 DH-6A Depth (m) 15–17 107–109 198–200 12–14 235–237 300–302 300–302 15–17 98–100 300–302 Li (ppm) 150 194 116 131 111 106 17.8 172 45 157 Sr (ppm) 617 697 429 749 633 495 182 2610 250 737 Al (%) 4.67 5.6 5.26 5.72 3.93 3.64 0.87 6.37 1.34 5.86 Ca (%) 4.81 4.92 3.11 5.44 5.95 4.83 1.03 5.12 2.48 5.03 K (%) 1.97 2.46 2.18 2.56 1.82 1.65 0.39 2.65 0.62 2.66 Mg (%) 1.34 1.78 1.46 1.24 0.91 0.87 0.14 1.49 0.32 1.47 Na (%) 10.3 6.7 13.6 6.78 12.8 14.8 32.7 4.06 28.1 7.26 3.7. Scanning Electron Microscope The same 10 bulk sediment samples from BDL were viewed under a scanning electron microscope at the University of Nevada-Reno (Reno, NV, USA). Samples were coated with carbon in a vacuum and run at 20 kV energy on a W-filament SEM with an embedded JEOL 10 mm2 EDS detector (energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer) (JSM-6100LA, Tokyo, Japan).PDF Image | Bristol Dry Lake Brine Compared to Brines from Cadiz
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