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Minerals 2020, 10, 284 15 of 34 basin a particular well is located within is not that important. If a flow model or water budget were to be constructed, this distinction would be far more important. 3.2. Well Construction and Sample Collection Six new wells were drilled by Standard Lithium Ltd. (Vancouver, BC, Canada) from 2017 to 2019 in various locations on the playa at Bristol Dry Lake to approximately 450 m in depth. No new wells have been drilled at CDL or DDL, but groundwater chemical data for all three playas have been retrieved from historical well information maintained by the California Department of Water Resources database (available online at http://wdl.water.ca.gov/waterdatalibrary/index.cfm). New samples from existing brine operation well fields on the Bristol and Cadiz playas (Figures 1–5) were analyzed for major ion concentration and trace element data [12,13], but Li concentration data are withheld as proprietary company information. In addition, new information on clay mineralogy, adsorbed chemicals, and mineral habit have been obtained from BDL clays at various depths in 3 of the new wells that have been drilled. New wells were drilled by Standard Lithium Ltd. to identify the areal and vertical distribution of brine chemistry, as well as to confirm data from historical drilling and exploration [7]. From September 2017 to March 2018, seven rotary boreholes (two at the same location) were drilled using reverse circulation (RC) with air, mud rotary (MR), and flooded reverse (FR) drilling techniques. Drilling locations and targets were based on available land permissions and accessibility, surface geophysical surveys, historical drilling, and past hydrological studies. The most effective drill tooling used large diameter tricone and drag bits. Various downhole geophysical logs were run in both open hole and cased wells to obtain information on the lithology, geological properties, and the presence of brine. Samples of drill cuttings from RC drilling are loosely representative of the actual drilling depth and were washed using a 20-mesh strainer. The samples were mostly comprised of saturated cohesive clays and were placed into plastic chip trays, and then into 3.78 L plastic sample bags and were logged at the drill rig. Sometimes MR drilling was used to advance the borehole quickly and maintain borehole integrity so that a well could be completed. With this technique, drill cutting samples are not necessarily representative of the actual bit depth. The same is true for FR drilling, which was used to replace MR drilling in wells DH-5, 5A, and 6A. In MR and FR drilling, mud return was discharged through a sand separator and onto a shaker screen. Samples were collected at the end of the shaker screen and were treated the same as with RC drilling. The MR and FR drilling mud was comprised primarily of a slightly oversaturated sodium chloride salt solution (density ~1.7) using local packaged feed salt containing no gypsum. Very low quantities of various polymers and viscosifiers were used as a suspension agent to help rheology. 3.3. Hydrochemical Analyses Well chemistry data from the California Department of Water Resources (CADWR, Sacramento, CA, USA) database provide relatively complete analyses of wells that were sampled mostly between 1955 and 1968, with some wells sampled earlier or later (data in [12]). Most wells have major ion chemistry with some trace elements such as boron (B), fluoride (F) and some lithium (Li) analyses. Ion charge balances are all within 5%, indicating that the analyses are of good quality. Some wells were sampled multiple times and so provide some degree of confidence in the reproducibility of the analyses. The methods used for each analysis are available in the online database [12,13]. For samples collected from existing wells in BDL and CDL, two laboratories were used: (1) Western Environmental Testing (WETLAB, Sparks, NV, USA) as the prime laboratory and (2) ALS Environmental (ALS Canada, Burnaby, BC, Canada) as the check laboratory. The laboratories used their own certified internal QA/QC procedures. Major anions were analyzed by ion chromatography (IC) at both laboratories. Metals were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) at WETLAB and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) at ALS. Major and trace elements were analyzed using EPA method 300.0 for major anions (Cl, SO4, and F), EPA methodPDF Image | Bristol Dry Lake Brine Compared to Brines from Cadiz
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)