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charged polar moieties of the sugar-phosphate backbone exposed to solvent, rendering its negative 𝜁 values and stability. Following such non-covalent interactions, Liu et al.221 used thiol-labelled DNA to stabilise the GO and rGO in aqueous media, whereas, Liu et al.220 used pyrene-labelled ssDNA to directly LPE graphite to produce pristine graphene. In both the studies the resulting bio-conjugates were used as a scaffold for self-assembly of gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs). 2.5.2.2. Lipids-based Lipids are biomolecules, which are like surfactants having a hydrophobic tail group and hydrophilic head group, and could effectively stabilise GBMs in aqueous media. Liu et al. demonstrated that, anionic liposomes (DMPG – 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho- (1-rac-glycerol) sodium salt) deposited as monolayers around the rGO surface (Figure 2.17a,b), thereby enhancing colloidal stability in water by electrostatic repulsion.222 In contrast, removal of excess positively charged liposomes resulted in rGO aggregation, and neutral (zwitterionic) DMPC (1,2-dimyristol-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) liposomes failed to stabilise rGO in water in their experimental conditions.222 An interesting study conducted by Ip et al.223 following cryo-TEM measurements and fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that zwitterionic liposomes like DOPC (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphocholine) adsorbs on GO as intact liposomes mainly at the edges (Figure 2.17c,d), whereas spontaneous liposome rupture (varies depending on level of oxidation) was observed for rGO (Figure 2.17e) and commercial-graphene (Figure 2.17f), suggesting lipid molecule-graphene interactions. It is crucial to understand the GBMs-lipids interactions as lipids (phosphatidylcholine) forms the major part of cell membranes. Molecular dynamic (MD) simulations have shown that SLG sheets covered by phospholipids (POPC – 1- palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) exhibited strong interaction with the cell membrane such that the graphene sheets gets internalised in the hydrophobic regions of biological membranes (Figure 2.17g-l).229 Li et al. have also absorbed the hydrophobic interactions of FLG and the biological cell membranes from both simulation and experimental studies.230 Chapter 2 – Graphene: Properties and Production 67PDF Image | PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS OF GRAPHENE AND ITS COMPOSITES
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