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Chapter 2 – Graphene: Properties and Production Figure 2.17: a,b) AFM images of rGO and rGO-DMPG on mica, respectively.222 c-f) Cryo-TEM images of GO- DOPC (c, d), rGO-DOPC (e) and commercial graphene-DOPC (f).223 Intact liposomes can be clearly seen adsorbed on the edges and surface of GO, while for rGO it can be observed only at edges. Absence of any intact liposomes on the surface of rGO and graphene was correlated to the rupture of adsorbed liposomes. g-l) MD simulation of self-insertion of SLG inside the phospholipid membrane. The graphene micelle merges with the membrane and releases the monolayer, which penetrates the membrane.229 Additionally, Pykal et al. have demonstrated that lecithin molecules can be used for direct LPE of graphite producing stable FLG in chloroform.224 Their MD simulation revealed the formation of reverse micelles on the graphene surface thereby preventing aggregation via steric stabilisation. 2.5.2.3. Proteins-based Proteins are complex amphiphilic biopolymers, comprising both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions on their surface. Such protein molecules could be used to efficiently exfoliate or to functionalise the GBMs to enhance their potential applications and biocompatibility.208 Liu et al. showed that bovine serum albumin (BSA) can functionalise and reduce the GO at the same time to produce BSA-coated rGO.226 Both BSA-coated GO and rGO showed excellent stability in physiological solutions and exhibited pH dependant stability. They have also demonstrated the use of protein as a ‘universal glue’ molecule on GO and rGO resulted in successful incorporation of other NPs (e.g., Au, latex, etc.) of different sizes, shapes and surface properties (Figure 2.18a-c). Lu et al. have shown β- lactoglobulin added during the hydrazine-based GO reduction process, produced stable protein-coated rGO biocomposite in aqueous solutions.227 Au NPs assembly on these biocomposite yielded strong surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of Rhodamine 6G. 68PDF Image | PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS OF GRAPHENE AND ITS COMPOSITES
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