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2.4.4. Mechanical properties of Graphene oxide The mechanical properties of the GO are inferior compared to pristine graphene due to the presence of severe lattice distortions in form of sp3 carbons, holes, impurities etc. Moreover due to surface functionalisation, thickness of GO (0.7-1 nm) is higher than pristine graphene (0.34 nm). Dikin et al. investigated the mechanical properties of GO paper and found stiffness of 40 GPa and strength of 120 MPa.193 Suk et al. reported the Young’s modulus of GO as ~208 GPa (effective thickness of GO ~0.7 nm) from AFM indentation measurements.194 Gomez-Navarro et al. carried out AFM indentation technique, similar for pristine graphene29, on rGO suspended over a trench in Si/SiO2 wafer, measuring Young’s modulus of ~250 GPa.195 Paci et al. carried out simulation studies exploring the mechanical properties of GO and found the modulus ~750 GPa (thickness of GO considered as ~0.34 nm), and found that changes in the chemical bonding and presence of holes limits the mechanical properties of GO.196 2.5. PRODUCTION OF BIOCOMPATIBLE GRAPHENE-BASED MATERIALS Due to graphene’s extraordinary properties, graphene-based materials (GBMs) have gained lot of interest in the biomedical field exploring their uses as biosensors, tissue engineering and drug delivery.197-202 These potential applications make environmental health and safety of GBMs an important topic of investigation2, 203, 204 leading to several toxicity studies both in vitro and in vivo.2, 5, 205-207 Since GBMs have variety of types (Figure 2.16) including: pristine SLG, FLG, GO, rGO, GNRs, etc., their biocompatibility is expected to vary with types. Recent reviews have shown indeed the biological response of GBMs vary depending on number of layers, layer dimensions, stiffness, hydrophobicity, surface functionalities, purity and dosage of the material.5, 203, 204 More importantly, Bianco highlighted that most of the available studies were performed on GO or rGO due to their better solubility/stability in aqueous media compared to other GBMs.5 Chapter 2 – Graphene: Properties and Production 64PDF Image | PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS OF GRAPHENE AND ITS COMPOSITES
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