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rGO is not possible.173 Therefore, the chemical reduction process does not completely restore the sp2 carbon lattice and the electronic properties of rGO are found to be orders of magnitude lower than the pristine graphene.185, 186 However, recent studies187-191 have demonstrated that by high temperature heat treatments (≥ 1500 oC) i.e., graphitisation, efficient conversation of GO or rGO to graphene is possible with dramatic reduction of surface defects and residual oxygen. Such graphitisation studies demonstrate restoration of sp2 carbon lattice as evidenced by Raman spectroscopy (Figure 2.15a,b), XPS (Figure 2.15c), STM (Figure 2.15d,e), etc. The obtained graphene showed improved electronic properties with election mobility ~1000 cm2/(Vs) (precursor rGO had a value of 130 cm2/(Vs))191 and electrical conductivity as high as 577000 S/m.190 Figure 2.15: a,b) Raman spectra of starting GO (FGS), GS (treated GO:1900 oC, 10-6 torr vacuum) and its corresponding Raman map of 2D band intensity, respectively.187 c) XPS C1s and O1s spectra of graphite oxide, CG (rGO) and GG (treated rGO: 2800 oC, argon atmosphere).188 d,e) Atomic-scale STM images of starting rGO and treated (first treatment-1500 oC, second treatment-2700 oC, argon atmosphere), respectively.190 Rozada et al. have used STM and theoretical simulations to understand the restoration process in individual GO sheets upon graphitisation treatments.192 They proposed the healing process is mainly dominated by the generation and migration of atomic vacancies in the carbon lattices at high temperatures (1500-1800 oC) and is dependent on the starting concentration of oxygen groups in GO and also the nature of the substrate. Chapter 2 – Graphene: Properties and Production 63PDF Image | PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS OF GRAPHENE AND ITS COMPOSITES
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